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	<title> Fracci&#243;n Trotskista Cuarta Internacional </title>
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>La gauche et la guerre des Balkans</title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/La-gauche-et-la-guerre-des-Balkans</link>
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		<dc:date>2009-08-19T00:38:46Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#233;mica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica Internacional</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>4 Teor&#237;a marxista</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Balcanes</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;Ces dix derni&#232;res ann&#233;es la question nationale a &#227; nouveau fait irruption avec toute sa violence dans la sc&#232;ne mondiale : d&#232;s le processus d'unification de l'Allemagne et jusqu'&#224; la guerre actuelle dans les Balkans, en passant par les mouvements s&#233;paratistes du Caucase, en Lituanie, en Tch&#233;tch&#233;nie et dans d'autres r&#233;publiques de l'ex-URSS.&lt;/p&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ces dix derni&#232;res ann&#233;es la question nationale a &#227; nouveau fait irruption avec toute sa violence dans la sc&#232;ne mondiale : d&#232;s le processus d'unification de l'Allemagne et jusqu'&#224; la guerre actuelle dans les Balkans, en passant par les mouvements s&#233;paratistes du Caucase, en Lituanie, en Tch&#233;tch&#233;nie et dans d'autres r&#233;publiques de l'ex-URSS. Le mouvement marxiste a &#233;t&#233; frapp&#233; et s'est divis&#233; autour de ce th&#232;me. L'ampleur de la guerre dans les Balkans, o&#249; un front imp&#233;rialiste de 19 nations est intervenu militairement contre la Yougoslavie, a donn&#233; une magnitude sans pr&#233;c&#233;dents &#227; cette question et a rouvert le d&#233;bat au sein des forces qui se proclament r&#233;volutionnaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi la classe ouvri&#232;re et les masses c'est la confusion qui a r&#233;gn&#233;. L'inexistence d'un mouvement ouvrier ind&#233;pendant a rendu les choses plus difficiles. Parmi les masses kosovares, aucune voix ne s'est manifest&#233;e contre l'intervention imp&#233;rialiste de l'OTAN. Au contraire, celle-ci a &#233;t&#233; acclam&#233;e et r&#233;clam&#233;e par le peuple et sa direction, l'ELK. Aujourd'hui, il n'existe pas un vrai mouvement ouvrier kosovar organis&#233; capable de proposer une autre alternative au soutien ouvert &#224; l'imp&#233;rialisme.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La situation en Serbie, o&#249; personne ne s'est exprim&#233; contre le r&#233;gime de Milosevic et son nettoyage ethnique en d&#233;fendant le droit &#224; l'auto-d&#233;termination des peuples, est semblable. Pendant la guerre, la classe ouvri&#232;re a m&#234;me resserr&#233; les liens avec son gouvernement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En Occident, les travailleurs ont oscill&#233; entre le soutien &#224; l'intervention imp&#233;rialiste, comme le &#171; mal mineur &#187; face &#224; la d&#233;puration ethnique et le g&#233;nocide men&#233;s par Milosevic, et le rejet des bombardements, en se m&#233;fiant sainement des raisons &#171; humanitaires &#187; avanc&#233;es par l'OTAN. Mais cet instinct sain des deux parties, en l'absence d'une politique ouvri&#232;re ind&#233;pendante, a amen&#233;, dans un cas, la d&#233;fense du r&#233;gime serbe et, dans l'autre, largement majoritaire, la justification sans enthousiasme de l'intervention imp&#233;rialiste ou, du moins en Europe, la sollicitation d'une intervention de l'ONU. Dans le milieu qui se revendique trotskiste, ces m&#234;mes positionnements ont marqu&#233; les points de divergence entre les diff&#233;rents groupes et tendances.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En ne partant pas d'un programme qui permette &#224; la classe ouvri&#232;re internationale d'intervenir de mani&#232;re autonome dans ce conflit, ils ont fini par se subordonner aux strat&#233;gies des diverses politiques imp&#233;rialistes ou &#227; celles de la bureaucratie serbe qui restaurait le capitalisme.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ceux qui ont choisi la premi&#232;re option comme le Secr&#233;tariat Unifi&#233;, fond&#233; par le dirigeant d&#233;c&#233;d&#233; Ernst Mandel, et d'autres de moindre importance, ayant abandonn&#233; toute perspective d'ind&#233;pendance de classe et de la dictature du prol&#233;tariat, se sont ralli&#233;s &#227; des courants qui, comme le PCF, la Refondation Communiste d'Italie ou encore des secteurs de l'imp&#233;rialisme europ&#233;en et de la social-d&#233;mocratie, mettaient en exergue les bienfaits d'une intervention de l'ONU. Cela dans le but de donner de la &#171; l&#233;gitimit&#233; internationale &#187; &#224; la politique imp&#233;rialiste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;D'autres courants, comme le Socialist Workers Party (SWP) d'Angleterre, en niant l'existence du probl&#232;me national dans les Balkans et donc le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination du peuple kosovar, ont emp&#234;ch&#233; que des secteurs de l'avant-garde ouvri&#232;re europ&#233;enne puissent s'opposer aux bombardements de l'OTAN et &#224; la politique r&#233;actionnaire de Milosevic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lors de ces grands &#233;v&#232;nements, les programmes des organisations et partis ont &#233;t&#233; mis &#224; l'&#233;preuve avec la plus grande rigueur. L'&#233;chec de ces organisations a &#233;t&#233; cat&#233;gorique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, la question nationale continuera &#227; &#234;tre un &#233;l&#233;ment constitutif d'une importance fondamentale pour la lutte de classes internationale dans la prochaine p&#233;riode et un nouveau d&#233;fi pour la classe ouvri&#232;re et pour les forces qui se revendiquent r&#233;volutionnaires. Sans un programme r&#233;volutionnaire pour la question nationale, la classe ouvri&#232;re sera &#227; nouveau victime des diff&#233;rentes variantes bourgeoises et d&#233;tourn&#233;e de sa lutte contre l'imp&#233;rialisme. Par cons&#233;quent, la critique aux programmes d&#233;fendus par les diff&#233;rents courants lors de ce conflit n'est pas vaine, mais au contraire constitue un point d'appui d'une importance fondamentale pour la r&#233;g&#233;n&#233;rescence de la pens&#233;e et du programme marxistes.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La LCR et le SU : un programme scandaleux, ouvertement pro-imp&#233;rialiste&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour que le lecteur puisse appr&#233;cier dans toute son ampleur l'&#233;volution politique du Secr&#233;tariat Unifi&#233; et de son principal parti, la LCR fran&#231;aise, par rapport &#224; la guerre des Balkans, en particulier, et par rapport au probl&#232;me national, en g&#233;n&#233;ral, il suffit de mentionner son exigence pour que l'ONU y intervienne et pour qu'elle assure une paix &#171; juste et d&#233;mocratique &#187;. L'&#171; Appel europ&#233;en de Paris &#187;, r&#233;alis&#233; le 15 mai &#224; l'initiative et publi&#233; par le SU, consid&#233;rait que &#171; la r&#233;ouverture d'un processus ce n&#233;gociation (&#8230;) dans le cadre de l'ONU, non seulement n'implique aucune confiance envers Slobodan Milosevic, mais elle serait plus d&#233;stabilisatrice pour son pouvoir que les bombes&#8230; &#187;. Et regrettent que &#171; Rien n'a &#233;t&#233; fait pour maintenir et &#233;largir la pr&#233;sence des observateurs de l'OSCE [Organisation pour la S&#233;curit&#233; et la Coop&#233;ration Europ&#233;enne, Ndlr] et pour impliquer les Etats voisins et les populations concern&#233;es dans la recherche de solutions &#187; et que lors des n&#233;gociations de Rambouillet on ait &#171; opt&#233; pour le recours aux arm&#233;es de l'OTAN au lieu de proposer une force d'interposition internationale, agissant sur mandat de l'ONU, alors qu'une telle proposition aurait pu &#234;tre alors l&#233;gitimement impos&#233;e face &#227; un refus de Milosevic &#187;. Malgr&#233; le droit des peuples &#227; disposer d'eux-m&#234;mes que propose le SU dans ses publications, l'&#171; Appel &#187; exige &#171; Le retour des populations albanaises sous protection internationale, plac&#233;e sous la responsabilit&#233; de l'Assembl&#233;e G&#233;n&#233;rale des Nations Unies &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sign&#233; par plusieurs intellectuels europ&#233;ens avec des dirigeants du SU, l'&#171; Appel de Paris &#187; s'est &#233;galement donn&#233; pour t&#226;che de contribuer &#224; la &#171; d&#233;mocratisation &#187; des Balkans en proposant &#171; une aide &#233;conomique aux Etats balkaniques, uniquement et strictement subordonn&#233;e au respect des droits individuels et collectifs &#187; et &#171; une enqu&#234;te sur les atrocit&#233;s commises au Kosovo, conduite sous l'autorit&#233; du TPI [Tribunal P&#233;nal International, Ndlr] &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'&#171; Appel &#187; n'envisageait pas la d&#233;faite de l'OTAN, n'exigeait aucun &#171; tribunal &#187; pour juger le g&#233;nocide des responsables des bombardements et, malgr&#233; les efforts r&#233;alis&#233;s par le SU, n'envisageait pas non plus le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale du peuple kosovar. Catherine Samary, sp&#233;cialiste de la LCR sur le sujet, cherchait dans Le Monde de mai la meilleur fa&#231;on de garantir la &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; de l'Europe et demandait : &#171; Ne devrait-on pas, au moins, chercher dans le cadre d'une conf&#233;rence balkanique les conditions d'une politique de &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; en Europe, fond&#233;e sur une aide incitant les Etats de la r&#233;gion &#227; stabiliser leurs relations entre eux et avec l'Union europ&#233;enne ? &#187; . Et en d&#233;fendant le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination, elle ajoutait que &#171; Sa reconnaissance constitue donc un pr&#233;alable &#227; une recomposition progressiste de l'espace balkanique, laquelle ne peut se penser que dans le cadre d'une construction d&#233;mocratique de l'Europe &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Son hebdomadaire fran&#231;ais, Rouge, accusait les gouvernements europ&#233;ens de se &#171; subordonner &#187; aux dict&#233;es &#171; guerri&#233;ristes &#187; des USA et leur conseillait de &#171; rompre avec l'OTAN &#187;. Or, Christian Picquet, le r&#233;dacteur de l'article, &#171; reconnait &#187; lui-m&#234;me qu'&#171; il ne suffit pas de s'orienter vers un &#8216;corps de r&#233;action rapide europ&#233;enne' pour donner &#224; l'Europe un fondement reconnu par ses peuples &#187; ; le grand geste de l'&#171; Europe d&#233;mocratique &#187; devrait &#234;tre compl&#233;t&#233; par &#171; l'ouverture des pays les plus riches du continent aux zones d&#233;vast&#233;es ou d&#233;stabilis&#233;es par la guerre (&#8230;) la seule solution porteuse d'un avenir d&#233;mocratique et pacifique, le seul moyen de conjurer les d&#233;sastres qui menacent aux portes de l'Union, consisterait &#227; &#233;tendre l'Europe &#227; tous les pays qui le souhaiteraient &#187; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Premi&#232;rement, le SU condamnait les bombardements mais, comme le PCF, le Vatican, la Russie et Kofi Annan, il proposait l'intervention de l'ONU, l'instrument contre-r&#233;volutionnaire que l'imp&#233;rialisme est en train d'utiliser pour assurer ses int&#233;r&#234;ts dans les diff&#233;rents endroits de la plan&#232;te. Mais ce qui est le plus surprenant c'est que sa pr&#233;occupation &#233;tait que la r&#233;gion ne se &#171; d&#233;stabilise &#187; pas en &#171; fragilisant les accords de Dayton &#187;, alors que ce sont ces accords contre-r&#233;volutionnaires qui ont permis, avec le concours de l'ONU, de perp&#233;trer le nettoyage et la partition ethnique de la Bosnie en faveur de Milosevic et de Tudjman. Ce que n'arrive pas encore &#227; voir le SU c'est que le facteur le plus d&#233;stabilisateur de la r&#233;gion &#233;tait l'essai de la part des albano-kosovars d'arriver &#224; leur ind&#233;pendance. C'est pour cela que l'imp&#233;rialisme a &#233;t&#233; et est l'ennemi mortel de tout type d'ind&#233;pendance qui mette en question les fronti&#232;res trac&#233;es lors des accords de 1995. De toute fa&#231;on, une partie du programme de ceux-ci a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; r&#233;alis&#233;e par l'ONU, ce qui a bien s&#251;r n&#233;cessit&#233; la d&#233;vastation de toute la r&#233;gion par les bombardements de l'OTAN. L'ONU n'a servi que de couverture de la politique imp&#233;rialiste des USA et de l'Europe. De cette mani&#232;re, l'ONU sera aujourd'hui la garantie du plan de l'OTAN, &#227; savoir : &#171; le retrait des troupes serbes &#187; ; &#171; l'arr&#234;t des bombardements &#187; ; la cr&#233;ation &#171; d'une force d'interposition &#187; et la &#171; stabilit&#233; &#187; dans la r&#233;gion, ce qu'exigeaient les signataires de l'Appel de Paris. La fiction d'une &#171; paix d&#233;mocratique &#187; a &#233;t&#233; enterr&#233;e sous les t&#234;tes des nations balkaniques et sous l'ind&#233;pendance du Kosovo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Deuxi&#232;mement, la d&#233;fense de la &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; europ&#233;enne qui pr&#233;occupait tant Catherine Samary, dans la mesure o&#249; il s'agit d'une Europe capitaliste et que le SU ne se donne pas pour objectif de la modifier mais de la &#171; d&#233;mocratiser &#187;, signifiait une stabilisation imp&#233;rialiste et r&#233;actionnaire de la r&#233;gion. Cela signifiait le refus du droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale du Kosovo et l'intervention directe de l'imp&#233;rialisme, dans la mesure o&#249; Milosevic ne remplissait plus aucun r&#244;le de garant de la stabilit&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Troisi&#232;mement, &#233;tant donn&#233; que l'Europe que nous connaissons est une Europe capitaliste dirig&#233;e par les grands monopoles, l'aide &#233;conomique aux pays d&#233;vast&#233;s sera octroy&#233;e aux gouvernements dans la mesure o&#249; elle permettra et facilitera le processus de restauration capitaliste dans la r&#233;gion et dans la mesure o&#249; les gouvernements suivront les politiques dict&#233;es par l'Europe et les USA. Cela est d&#233;j&#224; en cours d'application sous la direction de l'OTAN et des fonds de l'imp&#233;rialisme europ&#233;en. En d&#233;finitive, le SU propose la restauration &#171; d&#233;mocratique &#187; du capitalisme dans la zone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Quatri&#232;mement, le SU n'a jamais appel&#233; &#224; la d&#233;faite de l'OTAN mais seulement &#224; l'arr&#234;t des bombardements en plein accord avec la Russie et le Vatican. Or, sans la d&#233;faite de l'OTAN il n'y avait pas de solution &#171; progressiste &#187; au conflit. Avec l'objectif d'arr&#234;ter les bombardements, le SU a fait le pari de la diplomatie bourgeoise et non celui de la mobilisation r&#233;volutionnaire des masses, le boycott et le sabotage de la classe ouvri&#232;re. Ainsi, dans les faits il l'a appel&#233; &#227; soutenir le programme de la bourgeoisie imp&#233;rialiste, &#227; s'aligner derri&#232;re le &#171; deuxi&#232;me front &#187; pro ONU. On ne peut qualifier cette politique que de pacifisme pro imp&#233;rialiste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le SU a propos&#233; une &#171; paix juste et d&#233;mocratique &#187;, une &#171; conf&#233;rence de tous les concern&#233;s &#187; et le droit des peuples &#227; disposer d'eux-m&#234;mes dans le cadre d'une Europe d&#233;mocratique. C'est-&#224;-dire qu'il a envisag&#233; une solution progressiste du conflit sans balayer le r&#233;gime capitaliste ni les gouvernements qui restaurent le capitalisme. En fait, une proposition similaire &#227; celle du PCF, de la Refondation Communiste et de secteurs de la social-d&#233;mocratie europ&#233;enne ou de la coalition de l'Olivo en Italie qui proposait &#171; une conf&#233;rence pour l'int&#233;gration de l'aire balkanique dans une Europe commune et d&#233;mocratique &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec la chute du Mur de Berlin, le SU a consid&#233;r&#233; que s'ouvrait une nouvelle &#233;poque historique qui d&#233;passait l'&#232;re imp&#233;rialiste de crises, de guerres et de r&#233;volutions. Selon le sch&#233;ma, il s'agissait du r&#233;sultat d'un recul historique d&#251; &#224; la crise du &#171; socialisme r&#233;el &#187;. Mais maintenant on apprend que les conditions de l'&#171; &#233;poque &#187; se sont modifi&#233;es non seulement &#227; cause des &#171; d&#233;faites historiques &#187; mais aussi par le rajeunissement d&#233;mocratique de la bourgeoisie imp&#233;rialiste. Le SU a dot&#233; le capitalisme d&#233;cadent de la fin de si&#232;cle de qualit&#233;s si vigoureuses et r&#233;volutionnaires que la bourgeoisie de la fin du XVIIIe si&#232;cle et d&#233;but du XIXe. Ainsi, le r&#233;gime capitaliste, que les marxistes avaient condamn&#233; &#224; la poubelle de l'histoire, est capable aujourd'hui de mettre sur pied une Europe &#171; unie &#187; et &#171; d&#233;mocratique &#187; ; d'abandonner ses &#171; tendances guerri&#232;res &#187; pour embrasser la cause d'une &#171; paix juste et durable &#187; dans les Balkans ; et de tendre une main g&#233;n&#233;reuse pour reconstruire les pays d&#233;vast&#233;s. Avec une telle perspective, ce que le SU jette &#224; la poubelle de l'histoire ce sont tous les fondements du programme r&#233;volutionnaire et de la IVe Internationale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce qui &#233;tait en jeu ce n'&#233;tait ni une paix ni une stabilit&#233; &#171; juste &#187; mais la stabilit&#233; imp&#233;rialiste de la r&#233;gion, le renforcement du pouvoir imp&#233;rial, comme contraste de la crise &#233;conomique qui a commenc&#233; en 1997 et de la crise d'h&#233;g&#233;monie ouverte depuis la chute du Mur de Berlin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le pronostic &#233;tait annonc&#233;, toute issue au conflit des Balkans donn&#233;e par l'imp&#233;rialisme et par les bureaucraties de la restauration capitaliste serait r&#233;actionnaire. Si le postulat de L&#233;nine selon lequel &#171; l'imp&#233;rialisme est r&#233;actionnaire sur toute la ligne &#187;, que le SU consid&#232;re &#171; d&#233;mod&#233; &#187;, caract&#233;rise correctement toute une &#233;tape historique, il se montre dans son &#233;tat chimique pur dans le conflit actuel des Balkans.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le SU et les t&#226;ches de la classe ouvri&#232;re europ&#233;enne&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les gouvernements sociaux-imp&#233;rialistes d'Europe profiteront de la victoire obtenue dans la guerre des Balkans pour avancer sur les conqu&#234;tes de la classe ouvri&#232;re de leurs pays. Cela a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; annonc&#233; aussi bien en Italie qu'en Allemagne. La bureaucratie syndicale et les PC ont emp&#234;ch&#233; la classe ouvri&#232;re d'affronter la guerre imp&#233;rialiste men&#233;e par leurs propres gouvernements. Rien de tout cela ne pouvait &#234;tre emp&#234;ch&#233; par la LCR ni par d'autres organisations trotskystes. Mais, que se serait-il pass&#233; si un groupe de syndicats ou des secteurs de l'avant-garde ouvri&#232;re et de la jeunesse d&#233;masquaient les pr&#233;tentions imp&#233;rialistes du gouvernement Jospin ; d&#233;non&#231;aient le fait qu'un triomphe imp&#233;rialiste renforcerait les gouvernements sociaux-d&#233;mocrates pour attaquer le mouvement ouvrier ; et commen&#231;aient &#227; r&#233;aliser des actions pour la d&#233;faite de l'OTAN et de leur propre gouvernement, d&#233;montrant ainsi que la machine guerri&#232;re imp&#233;rialiste n'&#233;tait pas dans les Balkans pour garantir &#171; le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination &#187; mais pour imposer un protectorat ?, Ils n'auraient s&#251;rement pas pu emp&#234;cher l'action contre-r&#233;volutionnaire des directions officielles du mouvement ouvrier, cependant on aurait pu regrouper les secteurs les plus conscients et gagner en autorit&#233; car les &#171; accords de paix &#187; ont d&#233;montr&#233; que ceux-l&#224; &#233;taient les vrais objectifs des puissances imp&#233;rialistes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De cette fa&#231;on, la LCR avec ses appels pacifistes en faveur de l'ONU a emp&#234;ch&#233; toute intervention ind&#233;pendante du prol&#233;tariat, si petite et d'avant-garde qu'elle f&#251;t. Par contre, elle a suivi le courant de la petit-bourgeoisie &#171; d&#233;mocratique &#187;, y compris les intellectuels signataires de l'Appel de Paris, pour que &#171; Cent pour cent &#227; gauche &#187; ait 5% des voix pour le parlement europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La classe ouvri&#232;re europ&#233;enne, paralys&#233;e par ses directions, sans affronter la guerre imp&#233;rialiste et sans d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination, en croyant qu'une paix juste pouvait venir de la main de l'imp&#233;rialisme et de l'ONU, a permis la d&#233;magogie &#171; humanitaire &#187; de l'OTAN et a jet&#233; dans les bras de la r&#233;action imp&#233;rialiste les masses kosovares. Celles-ci, isol&#233;es et sans voir dans le prol&#233;tariat un alli&#233; dirigeant, a fini par f&#234;ter les bombardements et l'intervention arm&#233;e de ses propres bourreaux. La LCR a &#233;t&#233; le dernier maillon de cette n&#233;faste politique pro imp&#233;rialiste des chefs du mouvement ouvrier europ&#233;en.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lutte Ouvri&#232;re, le partenaire &#233;lectoral de la LCR en France, m&#233;rite un paragraphe &#227; part. Bien que pendant longtemps ce courant a refus&#233; de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination des peuples opprim&#233;s dans les Balkans, son accord &#233;lectoral avec la LCR l'a &#171; convaincu &#187; et au milieu de la guerre il a effectu&#233; un virage copernicien en s'associant de fait aux politiques pro-imp&#233;rialistes de la LCR. Face aux attaques des m&#233;dias, comme le journal Lib&#233;ration, qui signalaient les divergences entre ces deux organisations par rapport &#224; la guerre, Alain Krivine et Arlette Laguiller, cette derni&#232;re candidate officielle de LO, ont rapidement d&#233;menti ces informations en affirmant que &#171; celle liste [&#233;lectorale, Ndlr] c'est la seule qui poss&#232;de une position claire et homog&#232;ne sur le conflit&#8230; &#187; . Cette &#171; convergence &#187; de la derni&#232;re minute, apr&#232;s les sondages &#233;lectoraux, s'est exprim&#233;e clairement dans les rues de Paris : il n'y a eu aucune manifestation d'ampleur contre le bombardement de l'OTAN et pour le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination. Ainsi, malgr&#233; leur rh&#233;torique de &#171; r&#233;elle alternative &#187; au gouvernement de la Gauche plurielle, ils n'ont pr&#233;sent&#233; aucune option de classe et internationaliste &#224; la classe ouvri&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De cette mani&#232;re, LO a couvert les signataires de l'Appel de Paris, c'est-&#224;-dire le dernier maillon de la politique imp&#233;rialiste europ&#233;enne.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le SWP nie le droit national des peuples opprim&#233;s&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En Grande-Bretagne s'est succ&#233;d&#233;e une s&#233;rie de mobilisations d'avant-garde contre la guerre. A la t&#234;te de celles-ci se trouvait le &#171; Comit&#233; pour la paix dans les Balkans &#187;. Ce comit&#233; compte parmi ses principaux promoteurs l'aile &#171; gauche &#187; du gouvernement laboriste, dirig&#233;e par le d&#233;put&#233; Tony Benn, le parti communiste et le Socialist Worker Party qui pendant longtemps s'est d&#233;clar&#233; antistalinien. Ce comit&#233; s'est caract&#233;ris&#233; par l'exigence de &#171; l'arr&#234;t des bombardements &#187; mais il a refus&#233; de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination des kosovars. Ont particip&#233; &#227; ses manifestations les nationalistes serbes qui proclamaient &#171; le Kosovo est &#227; nous &#187;. Tony Benn a &#233;t&#233; mis &#227; mal quand dans le parlement la droite la plus r&#233;actionnaire et guerri&#232;re se renfor&#231;ait dans sa politique pro OTAN avec l'excuse du nettoyage ethnique et les massacres men&#233;es par Milosevic, auxquelles sont sensibles le peuple britannique et tout le monde. Benn a ni&#233; la d&#233;puration ethnique en affirmant que ce n'&#233;tait que les bombardements qui avaient provoqu&#233; la fuite de centaines de milliers d'albano kosovars et en acceptant dans les faits la souverainet&#233; serbe sur les territoires du Kosovo.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Ce qui est fort surprenant c'est la politique du SWP, qui a privil&#233;gi&#233; les accords avec la gauche laboriste au d&#233;triment de tout principe marxiste concernant les droits nationaux des albano kosovars. Mais les raisons politiques de son attitude pendant la guerre se trouvent dans la base th&#233;orique de ce courant. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Cependant, avant d'aborder ces positions il faut pr&#233;ciser que le Comit&#233; ne s'est jamais prononc&#233; pour la d&#233;faite de l'OTAN, mais simplement pour l'&#171; arr&#234;t des bombardements &#187;. Cela semait des illusions et couvrait avec de possibles &#171; solutions n&#233;goci&#233;es &#187; la politique de la Russie et d'un secteur de l'imp&#233;rialisme qui appelaient l'ONU &#227; jouer un &#171; r&#244;le ind&#233;pendant &#187;. Sur ce point, il n'y a pas de grandes diff&#233;rences avec la politique du SU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Y a-t-il eu un &#171; probl&#232;me national &#187; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La brochure Stop the War (publi&#233;e par le SWP en avril 1999) essaie de d&#233;montrer qu'il n'existait pas un vrai probl&#232;me national dans les Balkans, mais que celui-ci avait &#233;t&#233; cr&#233;&#233; artificiellement par les gouvernants avec le soutien d'Occident. Cela est faux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est vrai que les pressions de l'&#233;conomie capitaliste ont approfondi les in&#233;galit&#233;s et que beaucoup de dirigeants ont cherch&#233; la s&#233;paration pour se diriger directement vers le march&#233; capitaliste europ&#233;en sans avoir &#227; passer par Belgrade ; c'est le cas de Tudjman et de Milan Ku&#196; an. Il est exact aussi que les masses yougoslaves sans distinction de nationalit&#233; ont affront&#233; durement, vers la fin des ann&#233;es 80, les politiques fonds-mon&#233;tariste impl&#233;ment&#233;es par le gouvernement f&#233;d&#233;ral et par les r&#233;publiques. Mais ce que l'on ne peut pas nier, &#227; moins de tergiverser et fausser toute l'histoire pass&#233;e et pr&#233;sente et de donner un sens compl&#232;tement diff&#233;rent &#227; tous les faits mentionn&#233;s ant&#233;rieurement, c'est que le probl&#232;me national dans les Balkans n'a jamais &#233;t&#233; r&#233;solu. En effet, il est r&#233;apparu d&#232;s le moment o&#249; la crise du r&#233;gime de Tito s'est faite &#233;vidente et, &#227; partir de 1989, a pris une ampleur extr&#234;me.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce n'est pas par hasard que &#171; Stop the War &#187; ne mentionne m&#234;me pas les demandes d&#233;mocratiques des kosovars, d&#232;s les r&#233;voltes de 1968, o&#249; se sont combin&#233;s la lutte contre les privil&#232;ges de la bureaucratie de Belgrade (&#171; A bas la bourgeoisie rouge &#187;), le refus des cons&#233;quences de la crise &#233;conomique dans tout le pays -avec une participation active du mouvement &#233;tudiant- et les demandes nationales dans le Kosovo. Ces r&#233;voltes, bien qu'elles ne soient pas all&#233;es trop loin &#227; cause de la r&#233;pression et la censure de l'Arm&#233;e, ont oblig&#233; la bureaucratie bonapartiste &#227; faire des concessions d&#233;mocratiques, refl&#233;t&#233;es dans la constitution de 1974. Dans celle-ci on reconnaissait les droits l&#233;gitimes des kosovars et on leur accordait m&#234;me, en tant que province autonome de la Serbie, l'acc&#232;s au parlement f&#233;d&#233;ral et le droit de veto, comme pour la province de Vo&#239;vodine habit&#233;e majoritairement par des hongrois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les mobilisations et gr&#232;ves de 1981 et les nouveaux soul&#232;vements de 1989 contre suppression de l'autonomie de la part de Milosevic, ont &#233;t&#233; une nouvelle exacerbation du conflit national. Mais le conflit national s'est exprim&#233; &#227; tous les niveaux de la structure &#233;tatique yougoslave, qui &#233;tait organis&#233;e institutionnellement sur un difficile et instable &#233;quilibre dans le gouvernement f&#233;d&#233;ral, dont le centre de gravitation a toujours &#233;t&#233; Belgrade.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'affirmation de &#171; Stop the War &#187; selon laquelle dans les ann&#233;es 50 et 60 il n'y a pas eu de conflits nationaux graves, serait correcte si avec cela on n'insinuait pas que le probl&#232;me national ait &#233;t&#233; &#171; r&#233;solu &#187; par le gouvernement de Tito. Mais &#233;videmment, non seulement le probl&#232;me national n'a pas pu &#234;tre r&#233;solu, mais il a &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233; par la bureaucratie gouvernante comme un instrument de la restauration capitaliste au sens o&#249; il lui a permis, &#227; travers d'une campagne chauviniste agressive, de d&#233;tourner la lutte contre les plans du FMI par elle-m&#234;me appliqu&#233;s. Mais le SWP n'est m&#234;me pas capable de comprendre ce processus de restauration capitaliste et ses cons&#233;quences pour les luttes des classes dans ces dix derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. Et cela simplement parce qu'il n'a jamais consid&#233;r&#233; ni la F&#233;d&#233;ration Yougoslave, ni les autres pays d'Europe de l'Est, ni l'URSS comme des Etats Ouvriers d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;s et d&#233;form&#233;s, mais comme un genre particulier de capitalisme connu comme &#171; capitalisme d'Etat &#187;. Le plus &#233;trange de cette th&#233;orie est qu'un r&#233;gime capitaliste &#8211;&#171; d'Etat &#187;- ait pu, selon ses crit&#232;res, r&#233;soudre les probl&#232;mes nationaux dans les Balkans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En r&#233;alit&#233;, la F&#233;d&#233;ration, bas&#233;e sur un &#233;quilibre de forces nationales, a pu amortir les disparit&#233;s et les disputes seulement dans la mesure o&#249; l'&#233;conomie planifi&#233;e et la nationalisation des principales entreprises, m&#234;me dirig&#233;es bureaucratiquement, ont r&#233;ussi &#227; impulser dans un premier temps la croissance &#233;conomique en retirant du marasme l'&#233;conomie d&#233;vast&#233;e par la Deuxi&#232;me Guerre Mondiale. Le refus de Staline &#227; une f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste des Balkans a emp&#234;ch&#233; son extension &#224; la Gr&#232;ce et la crise de l'ann&#233;e 48 avec l'URSS a provoqu&#233; la rupture avec l'Albanie, ce qui a restreint encore plus le cadre de son d&#233;veloppement &#233;conomique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le &#171; socialisme dans un seul pays &#187;, mis en place par Joseph Tito, a asphyxi&#233; l'&#233;conomie yougoslave en poussant la bureaucratie de plus en plus vers le chemin d'Occident et de la restauration capitaliste. De cette fa&#231;on, le cadre restreint de la F&#233;d&#233;ration Yougoslave, dirig&#233;e par une bureaucratie de plus en plus li&#233;e au march&#233; mondial, n'a pas pu, et ne pouvait pas, r&#233;soudre la question nationale. Au contraire, elle l'a aggrav&#233;e, en montrant une fois de plus le mensonge du &#171; socialisme dan un seul pays &#187;. A vrai dire, le r&#233;gime yougoslave n'a &#233;t&#233; ni une &#171; prison de nations &#187;, comme l'a &#233;t&#233; le r&#233;gime stalinien, ni une vraie f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste qui aurait pu r&#233;soudre le probl&#232;me national. Le SWP n'ayant pas per&#231;u la dynamique r&#233;elle de la F&#233;d&#233;ration, d&#232;s sa fondation &#224; la sortie de la Deuxi&#232;me Guerre Mondiale jusqu'&#224; sa crise et sa dissolution, ne peut comprendre aucun des conflits nationaux r&#233;els qui sont r&#233;apparus dans le pr&#233;sent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La politique nationaliste serbe agressive s'est heurt&#233;e aux int&#233;r&#234;ts de la Slov&#233;nie et de la Croatie qui voulaient s'ouvrir &#224; l'Occident sans passer par Belgrade. Mais il ne faut pas confondre la politique criminelle et chauvine des dirigeants croates et slov&#232;nes et l'orientation nationale de leurs peuples qui exprimait, par les demandes nationales, le refus de la d&#233;t&#233;rioration des conditions de vie et l'oppression politique. C'est le fait que ni les nouveaux syndicats ni d'autres organisations du prol&#233;tariat de ces r&#233;publiques, conduits par une direction authentiquement r&#233;volutionnaire, aient disput&#233; le mouvement national aux bureaucrates, reconvertis en nationalistes, ce qui a permis que les tendances chauvines et r&#233;actionnaires arrivent &#227; &#234;tre dominantes. C'est l'incapacit&#233; du prol&#233;tariat croate &#227; donner au mouvement national une issue de classe qui a permis le nettoyage ethnique des serbes de Krajina et de Vukovar. Il est vrai qu'il n'existait pas un &#171; probl&#232;me national &#187; bosniaque, mais celui-ci a &#233;t&#233; cr&#233;&#233; par l'oppression serbe et ses politiques de nettoyage ethnique qui ont pouss&#233; la Bosnie &#227; d&#233;clarer son ind&#233;pendance et &#227; r&#233;sister (au d&#233;but en d&#233;fendant le caract&#232;re multiethnique de la r&#233;publique) &#224; la botte des oppresseurs serbes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le SWP n'est m&#234;me pas capable, parmi &#171; tous ces nationalismes &#187;, de distinguer celui qui poss&#232;de un caract&#232;re r&#233;actionnaire de celui qui poss&#232;de un caract&#232;re progressiste, en entendant par l&#224; le nationalisme qui d&#233;fend ses droits nationaux, ses &#233;coles, sa langue et l'autogouvernement face &#227; ceux qui veulent imposer sa proscription.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est pour cette raison que le SWP pense r&#233;soudre le probl&#232;me national, &#171; s'il existe &#187;, avec des appels creux &#224; l'unit&#233; du prol&#233;tariat et au socialisme. Or, l'unit&#233; et le socialisme ne peuvent pas &#234;tre impos&#233;s aux peuples par en haut mais par la volont&#233; des masses. Le d&#233;bat sur le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale soulev&#233; par L&#233;nine contre les positions de Rosa Luxembourg a &#233;t&#233; largement comment&#233;. Ici on ne peut pas s'arr&#234;ter sur ce d&#233;bat. Cependant, comme a dit Marx, aucun peuple ne peut &#234;tre libre s'il en opprime un autre. Ainsi, si le prol&#233;tariat serbe est incapable de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination des kosovars, et jusqu'&#224; pr&#233;sent cela a &#233;t&#233; le cas, il n'a pas d'issue historique et sera condamn&#233; &#227; subir les politiques r&#233;actionnaires appliqu&#233;es par les cliques de la restauration capitaliste, que ce soient milosevistes ou partisanes de Vuc Draskovic ou de qui que ce soit. Celle-ci a &#233;t&#233; la limite qui ont eue les mobilisation de 1997 en Serbie qui ne mettaient pas en question les accords r&#233;actionnaires de Dayton qui ont assur&#233; la partition de la Bosnie et le contr&#244;le forc&#233; du Kosovo. Si, en plus, le prol&#233;tariat europ&#233;en ne d&#233;fend pas non plus ce droit, il n'y aura personne pour appeler &#224; l'ordre la lasse ouvri&#232;re serbe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le SWP en refusant de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination se positionne objectivement dans le champ oppresseur. De cette fa&#231;on, son appel st&#233;rile au socialisme, au contraire de combattre le nationalisme, renforce le nationalisme &#227; caract&#232;re oppresseur. Les cons&#233;quences en sont immenses et tragiques. Cette attitude jette les kosovares dans le champ des d&#233;magogues imp&#233;rialistes qui ont bombard&#233; la Serbie sous les drapeaux de la &#171; d&#233;fense de la libert&#233; du Kosovo &#187; ; de plus, le peuple kosovar n'a trouv&#233; aucune autre force r&#233;elle pour d&#233;fendre ses droits et en m&#234;me temps affronter les bombardements de l'OTAN. Cette attitude &#244;te &#224; la classe ouvri&#232;re serbe tout programme qui facilite la lutte anti-imp&#233;rialiste contre l'OTAN sans avoir &#227; subordonner aux int&#233;r&#234;ts chauvins des restaurateurs du capitalisme de Milosevic. Enfin, elle permet que la classe ouvri&#232;re et l'opinion publique mondiale soient gagn&#233;es par la propagande imp&#233;rialiste, en faisant que certains consid&#232;rent que peut-&#234;tre l'OTAN favorisait vraiment le retour et la libert&#233; des kosovares.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En d&#233;finitive, le SWP sans d&#233;fendre le droit national kosovar ne peut pas lutter r&#233;ellement contre l'imp&#233;rialisme et son propre gouvernement social-imp&#233;rialiste. En effet, la lutte nationale mena&#231;ait la stabilit&#233; de la domination imp&#233;rialiste en Europe. Un triomphe en Kosovo renfor&#231;ait la lutte nationale, par exemple, en Irlande du Nord contre les r&#233;actionnaires accords de paix &#233;labor&#233;s par Blair et Clinton, et donc facilitait la lutte du prol&#233;tariat anglais contre son gouvernement et sa bourgeoisie. En m&#234;me temps, cela favorisait la lutte de la classe ouvri&#232;re contre l'Europe des grands monopoles, contre le ch&#244;mage, contre les attaques aux acquis sociaux, contre le racisme et la pers&#233;cution aux immigrants. Bref, cela affaiblissait les ennemis directs des travailleurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mouvement et direction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Peut-&#234;tre l'objection la plus s&#233;rieuse que le SWP ait &#227; faire pour refuser de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination du Kosovo ce soit la subordination de la direction de la gu&#233;rilla du l'ELK &#224; la politique de l'OTAN. Mais c'est une grande erreur. Il est vrai que la gu&#233;rilla nationaliste petite-bourgeoise s'est align&#233;e aujourd'hui derri&#232;re l'OTAN et que pendant les bombardements m&#234;mes a lanc&#233; des appels pour que l'on prenne des mesures plus agressives contre la Serbie comme l'invasion terrestre. C'est vrai aussi que, &#227; diff&#233;rence de ce qu'affirment certains groupes de la gauche anglaise, l'ELK ne repr&#233;sente pas un facteur ind&#233;pendant dans le conflit . Mais le prol&#233;tariat ne peut pas adopter un programme en fonction des positionnements circonstanciels des directions nationalistes. Au contraire, il doit les d&#233;passer en d&#233;fendant audacieusement et d&#233;cidemment le droit du peuple &#227; son ind&#233;pendance pour que ce soit le prol&#233;tariat de la nation opprim&#233;e qui arrive &#227; se mettre &#224; la t&#234;te du mouvement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce n'est pas par hasard que le SWP ne mentionne pas la politique de Trotski en Ukraine en 1939. Alors, Trotski d&#233;fendait une Ukraine Sovi&#233;tique Ind&#233;pendante justement parce que les directions nationalistes r&#233;actionnaires &#171; &#233;taient all&#233;es trop loin &#187;, aussi bien en Ukraine orientale qu'en Ukraine occidentale. Ainsi, la m&#233;thode de Trotsky est la contraire de celle du SWP car il ne nie pas l'oppression nationale et n'affronte pas les tendances s&#233;paratistes r&#233;actionnaires avec des appels &#224; l'unit&#233; &#233;tatique. Au contraire, il part de la lutte nationale comme moteur de la r&#233;volution politique contre la clique du Kremlin, d&#233;montrant la fausse ind&#233;pendance des nationalistes alli&#233;s de l'imp&#233;rialisme. Mais le SWP ne peut pas mentionner les &#233;crits de 1939 parce qu'il devrait r&#233;&#233;crire tout ce qu'il a &#233;crit pendant la guerre et incommoder ses partenaires laboristes et staliniens du Comit&#233; pour la paix. Alors, la politique de la direction de l'ELK n'est pas une entrave pour d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'ind&#233;pendance, au contraire, cela pose le probl&#232;me avec une plus grande importance pour le prol&#233;tariat et les forces r&#233;volutionnaires.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'autod&#233;termination nationale et la F&#233;d&#233;ration Socialiste des Balkans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Concernant les &#233;crits de Trotski de 1912-13 et au programme de l'Internationale Communiste dans les 20, le SWP se trompe &#227; nouveau. Dans &#171; Stop the War &#187; on d&#233;die tout un chapitre &#227; opposer la &#171; R&#233;publique F&#233;d&#233;rale des Balkans &#187; au droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination. Dans ces &#233;crits Trotski explique que depuis le congr&#232;s de Belin en 1879 les grandes puissances avaient emp&#234;ch&#233; l'unit&#233; effective des peuples, divis&#233;s artificiellement par des fronti&#232;res trac&#233;es en fonction des int&#233;r&#234;ts imp&#233;rialistes. Trotski disait que &#171; les fronti&#232;res entre les petits Etats de la p&#233;ninsule balkanique n'ont pas &#233;t&#233; trac&#233;es d'apr&#232;s des conditions ou demandes nationales mais elles ont &#233;t&#233; le r&#233;sultat de guerres, d'intrigues diplomatiques et d'int&#233;r&#234;ts dynastiques &#187;, &#171; les Etats qu'occupent aujourd'hui la p&#233;ninsule balkanique ont &#233;t&#233; fabriqu&#233;s par la diplomatie europ&#233;enne assise &#224; la table du congr&#232;s de Berlin de 1879 &#187;. &#171; Aucune de ces nations des Balkans n'a r&#233;ussi &#227; r&#233;unir tous leurs fragments &#233;parpill&#233;s. Et en m&#234;me temps tous les Etats des Balkans&#8230; maintenant comptent &#224; l'int&#233;rieur de leurs fronti&#232;res une minorit&#233; compacte qui leur est hostile &#187;. Au d&#233;but, Trotski a vu avec sympathie la lutte des serbes et des bulgares pour leur ind&#233;pendance contre l'oppression turque. Cependant, il a vite compris que la monarchie serbe &#233;tait manipul&#233;e par le tsarisme contre la Turquie en d&#233;clin. Ainsi, la nation serbe &#233;tait en r&#233;alit&#233;, sous les drapeaux du &#171; panslavisme &#187;, le fer de lance de la r&#233;action russe. Dans le conflit des Balkans de ces ann&#233;es-l&#224; , l'autod&#233;termination a &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;e par les diff&#233;rentes monarchies associ&#233;es aux puissances rivales qui se pr&#233;paraient pour se disputer le partage du territoire europ&#233;en et les colonies &#227; travers la guerre. Dans ces circonstances-l&#224; , l'autod&#233;termination n'&#233;tait pas un instrument de la lutte de classes du prol&#233;tariat, mais un mot d'ordre d&#233;magogique aux buts r&#233;actionnaires qui en m&#234;me temps niait au peuple le droit &#227; d&#233;cider de ses fronti&#232;res. Trotski d&#233;fendait la n&#233;cessit&#233; de l'unit&#233; &#233;tatique comme la seule fa&#231;on possible de r&#233;unir les &#171; fragments &#233;parpill&#233;s &#187; de chacun des peuples et des cultures. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
De cette fa&#231;on, on voit que Trotski n'envisageait pas l'unit&#233; &#233;tatique des Balkans &#171; &#224; la Milosevic &#187; mais, au contraire, sur la base de la libre disposition des peuples. Le contenu &#171; unitaire &#187; de ses mots d'ordre &#233;tait dirig&#233; directement contre les disputes inter-imp&#233;rialistes qui ont pouss&#233; les nations balkaniques, &#224; la veille de la guerre mondiale, &#227; des guerres fratricides. Cette situation ne correspond pas &#224; l'actualit&#233; mais seulement &#227; une hypoth&#232;se pour le futur. Or, ici il ne s'agit pas de consid&#233;rations futures mais d'un programme imm&#233;diat qui apporte une r&#233;ponse &#224; la demande concr&#232;te des peuples opprim&#233;s dans cette situation concr&#232;te o&#249; le droit national kosovar attaque directement le statut quo imp&#233;rialiste-bureaucratique et par cons&#233;quent est un facteur progressif de la lutte de classes du prol&#233;tariat. Le mot d'ordre d'unit&#233; &#233;tatique, sorti du chapeau, des &#233;crits de pr&#233;-guerre de Trotski dans un contexte compl&#232;tement diff&#233;rent pour cr&#233;er de la confusion, est dans les circonstances actuelles un argument objectivement en faveur du r&#233;gime de Milosevic. Aujourd'hui, l'unit&#233; &#233;tatique, c'est-&#224;-dire la f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste, ne peut &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e qu'avec l'accord de tous les peuples, c'est-&#224;-dire avec le droit des kosovars &#227; se s&#233;parer de la f&#233;d&#233;ration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le marxiste qui n'envisagerait comme la seule perspective historique r&#233;elle la f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste, n'est pas un marxiste mais un vulgaire d&#233;mocrate. De la m&#234;me fa&#231;on, celui qui ne d&#233;fend pas le droit des peuples opprim&#233;s &#227; disposer d'eux-m&#234;mes en en donnant un contenu de classe &#227; travers la demande d'une r&#233;publique ouvri&#232;re ind&#233;pendante, n'est pas un marxiste mais un apologiste des nations oppressives d&#233;guis&#233; de &#171; socialiste &#187;. La seule voie r&#233;elle pour avancer vers une f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste authentique commence par le droit d&#233;mocratique des peuples, d&#233;fendu en premier lieu par la classe ouvri&#232;re serbe. C'est cette m&#233;thode qui a permis aux bolch&#233;viks de gagner pour la r&#233;volution les peuples opprim&#233;s par le tsarisme. Les SWP a interpr&#233;t&#233; les &#233;crits de Trotsky en fonction de sa n&#233;gative &#227; reconnaitre le droit des albano-kosovars, en s'opposant clairement &#227; toute la tradition du marxisme r&#233;volutionnaire et des positions tr&#232;s concr&#232;tes de la III Internationale de L&#233;nine et de Trotsky.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme il ne peut pas nier absolument toute l'histoire du marxisme, le SWP reconnait que ce droit est l&#233;gitime, quoique dans un seul paragraphe et isol&#233; de toute sa brochure. Cependant, il le fait avec l'intention de le d&#233;former et de le transformer en son contraire. Ainsi, on y peut lire que &#171; les serbes doivent soutenir le droit des albano-kosovars &#224; l'autod&#233;termination, &#227; d&#233;cider eux-m&#234;mes de leur futur et les albabno-kosovars doivent &#234;tre en harmonie avec les serbes et mettre fin aux tensions ethniques &#187;. Il faut signaler que ce sont les seuls mots de toute la brochure, et de tout ce qu'il a &#233;t&#233; &#233;crit pendant la guerre, sur les droits du Kosovo, des mots qui ont &#233;t&#233; refus&#233;s en tant que consignes dans la campagne publique contre la guerre. Et cependant, quelle confusion d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;e, combien de r&#233;serve on exige des masses pour que le SWP soutienne leur lutte. Aucun ultimatum aux masses ne pouvait modifier le fait que le prol&#233;tariat europ&#233;en devait d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination comme une pr&#233;-condition pour vaincre les nationalistes petit-bourgeois et modifier la conscience pro-OTAN des masses d&#233;sesp&#233;r&#233;es de tout le Kosovo et pour consommer une alliance entre le prol&#233;tariat international et le mouvement national kosovar. Cette alliance aurait permis la cr&#233;ation d'un front commun contre l'intervention militaire de l'OTAN et l'oppression de la bureaucratie miloseviste, c'est-&#224;-dire contre le statu quo imp&#233;rialiste en Europe. En r&#233;alit&#233;, les r&#233;dacteurs de &#171; Stop The War &#187; ont essay&#233; de trouver une formule de compromis entre le marxisme authentique et la gauche laboriste et le stalinisme anglais.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Par des chemins oppos&#233;s, les uns appelant &#224; la &#171; paix et &#224; la d&#233;mocratie &#187; et les autres en faisant des appellations st&#233;riles &#224; la &#171; lutte pour le socialisme &#187;, le SU et le SWP ont emp&#234;ch&#233; l'unit&#233; indissociable entre les droits d&#233;mocratiques et le socialisme, appuy&#233; sur la consigne d'un Kosovo ind&#233;pendant des ouvriers et des paysans comme un pas vers une F&#233;d&#233;ration Socialiste, libre et volontaire des Balkans. On peut voir que pour ceux qui ont abandonn&#233; le programme marxiste, qui se base sur les int&#233;r&#234;ts historiques du prol&#233;tariat international, la relation entre les droits d&#233;mocratiques des nationalit&#233;s opprim&#233;s et la lutte pour le socialisme, est un secret gard&#233; sous sept cl&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Parti Ouvrier (Argentine) : un tournant programmatique &#227; contresens de sa th&#233;orie et de son programme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une autre des organisations qui se revendiquant du trotskisme a soutenu pendant plusieurs ann&#233;es une caract&#233;risation proche de celle d&#233;fendue aujourd'hui par le SWP et qui est tomb&#233; dans les m&#234;mes contradictions en mettant sur un m&#234;me pied d'&#233;galit&#233; les nations opprim&#233;es et les oppressantes, c'est le Parti Ouvrier (PO) d'Argentine. Toutefois, peu apr&#232;s le d&#233;but de la guerre, le PO a commenc&#233; &#227; op&#233;rer un virage dans sa position et a reconnu pour la premi&#232;re fois le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination du Kosovo. Au-del&#224; de la pression que l'opinion publique ait pu exercer en faveur de ce nouveau positionnement, ce qui est certain est que cela a &#233;t&#233; un virage programmatique sans aucune explication, sans aucune r&#233;vision de la th&#233;orie et du programme qui ont d&#233;fendu pendant des ann&#233;es. De cette fa&#231;on, ne constitue pas un virage convaincant et est vou&#233; &#224; l'&#233;chec car ne s'appuie sur aucune base solide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 1992, Altamira, dirigeant du PO, soutenait que le PO &#171; est pour la &#8216;d&#233;sint&#233;gration' de l'Union Sovi&#233;tique et pour l'union socialiste de la Yougoslavie, parce que pour le PO la question nationale n'est pas un probl&#232;me &#233;conomique (&#8230;) ni ethnique (&#8230;) mais historique &#187;. Et un peu plus loin disait : &#171; il n'y a pas un affrontement national en Yougoslavie mais une guerre d'appareils arm&#233;es, de cliques arm&#233;es, de fractions bureaucratiques, presque toutes cr&#233;&#233;es dans le Parti Communiste et dans l'Arm&#233;e, aussi bien en Croatie qu'en Serbie et dans les autres r&#233;publiques &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La Slov&#233;nie est &#171; ethniquement pure &#187;, donc le probl&#232;me en tant que rivalit&#233; ethnique ne pouvait m&#234;me pas y &#234;tre pos&#233;. La Bosnie s'est vue oblig&#233;e &#224; lutter, comme nous l'avons expliqu&#233;, et l'a fait en d&#233;fendant avant tout une Bosnie Multiethnique. C'est la bureaucratie de Milosevic, avec son projet de Grande Serbie, qui a utilis&#233; les lignes ethniques pour diviser la Bosnie et c'est l'imp&#233;rialisme, sous la couverture de l'ONU, qui a permis pendant des ann&#233;es les nettoyages ethniques des populations, comme &#227; Srebrenica, et qui a oblig&#233; l'arm&#233;e bosniaque &#227; se soumettre &#224; la Croatie et &#227; disposer des populations musulmanes. Dans le Kosovo la lutte nationale durait depuis plus de deux d&#233;cennies, bien avant du d&#233;sagr&#233;ment de l'ancienne f&#233;d&#233;ration. De cette fa&#231;on, Altamira met sur le m&#234;me pied d'&#233;galit&#233;, par exemple, la Serbie, la Bosnie et le Kosovo, et confond les aspirations des masses avec la politique de ses gouvernements, en niant le caract&#232;re d&#233;mocratique national des demandes s&#233;paratistes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une autre erreur r&#233;currente du PO a &#233;t&#233; celle de caract&#233;riser, comme le SWP, comme &#171; guerre fratricide &#187; le conflit national dans les Balkans. Nous avons d&#233;j&#224; dit que pendant toutes ces ann&#233;es l'axe du conflit ne r&#233;sidait pas dans les rivalit&#233;s attis&#233;es par les camps imp&#233;rialistes en cr&#233;ant &#171; artificiellement &#187; des probl&#232;mes nationaux &#224; la veille d'une guerre inter-imp&#233;rialiste pour les march&#233;s, mais dans le ressurgir des probl&#232;mes nationaux comme cons&#233;quence de la d&#233;composition de la F&#233;d&#233;ration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le virage inesp&#233;r&#233; du PO en reconnaissant le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination, est sans doute un pas progressif, mais il nie toutes et chacune de ses caract&#233;risations r&#233;alis&#233;es pendant plusieurs ann&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sans chercher plus loin, le PO &#227; une date si r&#233;cente que le 25/6/98 s'opposait &#227; caract&#233;riser le peuple kosovar en tant que nation opprim&#233;e, &#224; laquelle il mettait au m&#234;me niveau que la Serbie, c'est-&#224;-dire son oppresseur. &#171; Le droit des peuples &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale est pos&#233; pour les albanais du Kosovo mais aussi pour les serbes, les bosniaques, les mont&#233;n&#233;grins, pour tous les peuples des Balkans. Donc, il ne peut &#234;tre effectif que si tous les peuples reconnaissent mutuellement leur droit (&#8230;) sur le terrain de la lutte commune contre l'imp&#233;rialisme et contre tous les r&#233;gimes r&#233;actionnaires et pour leur unit&#233; dans un &#233;tat unique, f&#233;d&#233;ral et d&#233;mocratique &#187; . Ce qui &#233;quivaut &#227; nier de fa&#231;on &#171; &#233;l&#233;gante &#187; leur droit, car si celui-ci n'est acceptable que dans le cadre d'un Etat unique alors on leur refuse ce droit &#227; chaque fois que les albano-kosovares ont manifest&#233; clairement leur souhait de se s&#233;parer. Le PO conc&#232;de le droit &#224; la s&#233;paration seulement aux nationalit&#233;s qui se maintiennent unies, c'est-&#224;-dire&#8230; &#227; celles qui ne se s&#233;parent pas ! Cette fa&#231;on de poser le probl&#232;me de la part du PO l'a positionn&#233; objectivement, pendant longtemps, dans le camp du nationalisme oppresseur, c'est-&#224;-dire de Milosevic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au bout de dix jours de guerre sa position &#227; chang&#233; radicalement (dans le bon sens), cependant les lecteurs de Prensa Obrera ont le droit, eux aussi, de savoir sur quelles bases th&#233;orique et programmatiques s'est effectu&#233;e cette r&#233;vision.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le probl&#232;me national dans les Balkans repr&#233;sente aujourd'hui une &#233;preuve de feu pour le mouvement marxiste&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; La question nationale dans les Balkans, comme nous venons de le voir, n'a pas &#233;t&#233; cr&#233;&#233;e artificiellement par les USA et par l'Europe. Elle est r&#233;apparue avec toute sa force comme cons&#233;quence de la d&#233;composition de l'Etat ouvrier d&#233;form&#233; yougoslave. La restauration capitaliste de l'ex f&#233;d&#233;ration yougoslave, un processus qui dure depuis plus de dix ans, a disloqu&#233; toutes les relations sociales et le fragile &#233;quilibre national. L'&#233;clatement des Balkans et les guerres civiles avec des centaines de milliers de morts et de d&#233;plac&#233;s est une cons&#233;quence directe, d'une part, du &#171; socialisme dans un seul pays &#187; de la bureaucratie du mar&#233;chal Tito pour r&#233;soudre enti&#232;rement le probl&#232;me national ; et d'autre part, de la progression de la restauration capitaliste. Les politiques du FMI ont conduit dans les ann&#233;es 80 &#227; une dette ext&#233;rieure de plus de 20 milliards de dollars. La bureaucratie, charg&#233;e de la restauration, a cr&#233;&#233; des m&#233;canismes de confiscation et d'appauvrissement des masses pour tenir les compromis ext&#233;rieurs. La crise capitaliste provoqu&#233;e par l'&#233;puisement du boom d'apr&#232;s-guerre est tomb&#233;e sur les &#233;conomies des Etats ouvriers d&#233;g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;s et d&#233;form&#233;s en d&#233;r&#233;glant encore plus les relations int&#233;rieures et en augmentant les in&#233;galit&#233;s depuis les ann&#233;es 60. La r&#233;sistance ouvri&#232;re (en 1988 la classe ouvri&#232;re yougoslave a r&#233;alis&#233; 2 mil gr&#232;ves contre le gouvernement) a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;vi&#233;e gr&#226;ce au nationalisme chauvin. Sur cette base les probl&#232;mes nationaux non r&#233;solus par la bureaucratie de Tito sont r&#233;apparus, aussi bien sous des formes d&#233;fensives que sous des formes agressives, et ont d&#233;bouch&#233; sur des guerres civiles qui ont fait de centaines de milliers de morts pendant 10 ans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour les forces qui se revendiquent r&#233;volutionnaires, il &#233;tait avant tout indispensable une caract&#233;risation juste et un programme ad&#233;quat pour que le prol&#233;tariat puisse intervenir en opposant ses int&#233;r&#234;ts &#227; ceux des forces imp&#233;rialistes et bureaucratiques. Pour cela, l'histoire de la lutte de classes dans le si&#232;cle dernier et les apprentissages du marxisme devaient &#234;tre un guide pour trouver une r&#233;ponse &#224; la situation actuelle. Regrettablement cela n'a pas &#233;t&#233; ainsi. Comme nous avons vu, beaucoup de ces organisations ont oppos&#233; faussement la lutte pour le socialisme et l'internationalisme au droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination. Or, les int&#233;r&#234;ts historiques de la classe ouvri&#232;re partent de la liquidation absolue et d&#233;finitive de toutes les formes d'oppression raciale, nationale, etc. qui ne sont plus que des sous-produits de la soci&#233;t&#233; de classes. A l'&#233;poque imp&#233;rialiste, la capacit&#233; de r&#233;soudre int&#233;gralement et effectivement les t&#226;ches d&#233;mocratiques, agraires et nationales irr&#233;solues des peuples colonis&#233;s, subjugu&#233;s et opprim&#233;s passe totalement et d&#233;finitivement aux mains du prol&#233;tariat. De cette fa&#231;on, les paysans sans terre, les peuples pauvres, les races et nationalit&#233;s opprim&#233;es, c'est-&#224;-dire toutes les classes et les couches exploit&#233;es de la soci&#233;t&#233; capitaliste sont des alli&#233;s incontournables, fondamentales, de la classe ouvri&#232;re qui lutte pour son &#233;mancipation. Sans leur participation, la r&#233;volution prol&#233;tarienne est inconcevable. De la m&#234;me mani&#232;re que l'on ne pouvait pas envisager la r&#233;volution de 1917 sans l'alliance ouvri&#232;re et paysanne, et sans l'alliance avec les nationalit&#233;s allog&#232;nes opprim&#233;es pendant des si&#232;cles par le tsarisme, aujourd'hui n'est pas concevable la r&#233;volution europ&#233;enne contre les bourgeoisies imp&#233;rialistes et les bureaucraties de la restauration capitaliste sans l'alliance r&#233;volutionnaire de la classe ouvri&#232;re et les peuples opprim&#233;s des Balkans.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Evidemment, pour la classe ouvri&#232;re le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination ce n'est pas un principe en soi. Au contraire des d&#233;mocrate petit-bourgeois, le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination, comme toutes les revendications d&#233;mocratiques, n'est pas un absolu mais la manifestation concr&#232;te de la lutte de classes &#227; un moment donn&#233; qui doit &#234;tre dirig&#233; vers l'affrontement direct avec la domination imp&#233;rialiste capitaliste. N'importe laquelle de ces revendications peut &#234;tre utilis&#233;e, et l'a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; dans le pass&#233;, par la bourgeoisie, comme une forme de tromper les travailleurs et d&#233;vier leur lutte, pour l'utiliser comme un instrument de la r&#233;action contre la r&#233;volution prol&#233;tarienne (l'Assembl&#233;e constituante en Allemagne en 1918, l'ind&#233;pendance de la G&#233;orgie lors de la guerre civile en 1918, l'ind&#233;pendance de la Pologne en 1920). C'est pourquoi toute revendication d&#233;mocratique doit &#234;tre subordonn&#233;e &#224; la lutte r&#233;volutionnaire des travailleurs et doit &#234;tre soutenue et d&#233;fendue par eux dans la mesure o&#249; celle-ci repr&#233;sente un outil de la lutte de classe contre la bourgeoisie. &#171; Dans la pratique, le prol&#233;tariat ne peut conserver son ind&#233;pendance que si subordonne sa lutte pour toutes les revendications d&#233;mocratiques (&#8230;) &#227; sa lutte r&#233;volutionnaire pour le renversement de la bourgeoisie &#187; . C'est dans ce sens que les marxistes ont &#233;t&#233; les initiateurs de tout mouvement national ou d&#233;mocratique, c'es-&#224;-dire comme expression et en m&#234;me temps instrument de la lutte de classes. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Avec le mot d'ordre du droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale la situation est la m&#234;me que pour tout autre mot d'ordre d&#233;mocratique : soit il devient le fer de lance pour l'intervention active des masses vers l'affrontement avec la bourgeoisie et la prise du pouvoir ; soit, utilis&#233; de fa&#231;on d&#233;magogique par l'imp&#233;rialisme, il sert de v&#233;hicule &#224; la contre-r&#233;volution. Dans le conflit des Balkans ce mot d'ordre devenait soit le drapeau du prol&#233;tariat europ&#233;en pour d&#233;truire le r&#233;gime capitaliste et les gouvernements de la restauration capitaliste, soit il serait utilis&#233; de mani&#232;re d&#233;form&#233;e (&#171; large autonomie &#187;, rejet du nettoyage ethnique) pour imposer avec un discours &#171; humanitaire &#187; une paix contre-r&#233;volutionnaire dans la r&#233;gion, pour renforcer la domination imp&#233;rialiste et pour imposer un protectorat. La lutte du peuple albano-kosovar pour son ind&#233;pendance &#233;tait objectivement et indiscutablement une lutte r&#233;volutionnaire contre l'oppression du r&#233;gime restaurateur de la bureaucratie serbe, c'est pour cela que toutes les ailes de la bureaucratie et de l'imp&#233;rialisme se sont oppos&#233;es par tous les moyens &#227; son ind&#233;pendance. L'imp&#233;rialisme a d&#233;fendu avant tout la n&#233;cessit&#233; de la stabilit&#233; politique de la r&#233;gion, en d&#233;fendant les fronti&#232;res &#233;tatiques comme un instrument de la restauration capitaliste et de la stabilit&#233; europ&#233;enne. C'est pour cela que l'ind&#233;pendance du Kosovo est rejet&#233;e par tous les acteurs du conflit. L'imp&#233;rialisme, et pas seulement l'am&#233;ricain, ont permis le nettoyage ethnique serbe sous les ruines de la Bosnie multiethnique, en pariant sur la stabilit&#233; de la r&#233;gion d'abord &#227; Belgrade et ensuite &#227; Sarajevo et &#227; Zagreb. Les accords de Dayton garantissaient strictement &#227; Milosevic le contr&#244;le du Kosovo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'imp&#233;rialisme a tol&#233;r&#233; pendant des mois la r&#233;pression serbe dans la province en m&#234;me temps que la gu&#233;rilla s&#233;paratiste se renfor&#231;ait. Mais quand celle-ci mena&#231;ait d&#233;stabiliser non seulement le r&#233;gime de Belgrade mais l'ensemble des pays balkaniques, y compris la Gr&#232;ce et la Mac&#233;doine, l'imp&#233;rialisme est intervenu en obligeant la direction de l'ELK &#227; Rambouillet, apr&#232;s de grandes pressions, &#224; la capitulation. L'intervention de l'OTAN cherchait freiner Milosevic qui, avec sa politique Grand-serbe, a pouss&#233; &#224; la r&#233;sistance nationale et au soul&#232;vement des masses kosovares en d&#233;stabilisant le statu quo dans la r&#233;gion. L'ind&#233;pendance du Kosovo aurait impliqu&#233; la d&#233;stabilisation des accords de Dayton, la reconfiguration de toutes les fronti&#232;res et un exemple pour toutes les nationalit&#233;s opprim&#233;es : les kurdes de Turquie, les Basques, les irlandais, les palestiniens. Cela aurait port&#233; un coup ph&#233;nom&#233;nal &#224; la machine bureaucratique et de restauration de Milosevic et par l&#224; ouvrait la possibilit&#233; du renversement r&#233;volutionnaire du r&#233;gime par la classe ouvri&#232;re serbe et non par les bombardements de l'OTAN dont la victoire permettra &#224; l'imp&#233;rialisme de lier avec une double cha&#238;ne les masses yougoslaves. L'ind&#233;pendance du Kosovo aurait permis d'infliger un dur coup aux gouvernements sociaux-imp&#233;rialistes d'Europe et stimul&#233; la lutte de la classe ouvri&#232;re. En synth&#232;se, le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale &#233;tait un moteur de la lutte de classes du prol&#233;tariat et des masses pauvres de l'Europe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De la m&#234;me fa&#231;on, du point de vue strictement &#233;conomique, l'ind&#233;pendance r&#233;elle d'un petit Etat n'est pas viable &#224; l'&#233;poque imp&#233;rialiste bas&#233;e sur la domination du march&#233; mondial par les grands monopoles et une poign&#233;e de grandes puissances. Une ind&#233;pendance nationale authentique ne peut &#234;tre bas&#233;e que sur l'ind&#233;pendance &#233;conomique et donc sur la rupture avec l'imp&#233;rialisme, le FMI et les bureaucraties ; la liquidation des mafias et du march&#233; noir ; le contr&#244;le de l'&#233;conomie par les ouvriers et les paysans, ce qui conduirait &#224; la formation de conseils ouvriers et &#224; l'armement des masses. En autres termes, une ind&#233;pendance authentique pour le Kosovo n'&#233;tait envisageable que sous la forme d'une r&#233;volution socialiste. C'est pourquoi il serait erron&#233; de se servir du facteur &#233;conomique, comme le font plusieurs &#171; internationalistes &#187;, pour conclure sur l'inutilit&#233; de la lutte nationale. Au contraire, de tout cela on d&#233;duit que celle-ci seulement peut &#234;tre effective &#227; travers la lutte r&#233;volutionnaire et la dictature du prol&#233;tariat et non &#227; travers de combines diplomatiques ou d'appels st&#233;riles &#224; la paix et &#224; l'unit&#233;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le renversement du r&#233;gime miloseviste par la classe ouvri&#232;re pouvait devenir le d&#233;but de la r&#233;volution europ&#233;enne. La lutte nationale a jou&#233; dans les faits un r&#244;le de d&#233;clencheur d'un mouvement de masses contre le r&#233;gime oppresseur. Face aux pacifistes irr&#233;ductibles qui regrettent le resurgissement des luttes nationales comme un mouvement r&#233;trograde &#171; &#227; contre-sens de l'internationalisation du capital &#187;, nous regrettons seulement que ce mouvement ait pris de l'ampleur quand la classe ouvri&#232;re des Balkans et de toute l'Europe est encore incapable de se mettre &#224; la t&#234;te de celle-ci et de l'utiliser dans sa lutte contre la domination imp&#233;rialiste ; c'est-&#224;-dire quand la classe ouvri&#232;re est encore impuissante pour donner aux revendications d&#233;mocratiques une L&#233;nine a largement critiqu&#233; ceux qui croyaient que la r&#233;volution &#233;tait un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne o&#249; tous les ouvriers des diff&#233;rents pays, en ajustant de la m&#234;me fa&#231;on et au m&#234;me rythme leurs consciences, se lan&#231;aient avec les id&#233;es pures du socialisme et de l'internationalisme &#224; la lutte r&#233;volutionnaire. La r&#233;volution sociale est un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne vivant, dynamique, qui entra&#238;ne avec elle le mouvement r&#233;volutionnaire de la paysannerie et des classes urbaines ruin&#233;es, et d'explosions r&#233;volutionnaires des peuples opprim&#233;s, avec tous leurs pr&#233;jug&#233;s nationalistes et petit-bourgeois. Dans beaucoup de cas, des soul&#232;vements r&#233;volutionnaires sont entam&#233;s par d'autres classes &#227; travers de revendications d&#233;mocratiques ou nationales et permettent &#224; la classe ouvri&#232;re devenir le centre de la convergence de la lutte de toutes les masses &#8211;sans lesquelles la r&#233;volution est impossible. La r&#233;volution en Europe sera un soul&#232;vement de toutes et chacune des couches exploit&#233;es et opprim&#233;es avec des int&#233;r&#234;ts et des id&#233;ologies diff&#233;rentes. Mais elles attaqueront objectivement les bases du r&#233;gime capitaliste, donc seront une force alli&#233;e indispensable pour le prol&#233;tariat. Toute la question passe pour la capacit&#233; de celui-ci &#227; gagner le soutien ferme de ses alli&#233;s dans la lutte pour le pouvoir. Or, pour cela il faut qu'il adopte comme sienne la lutte pour le droit national, de la m&#234;me fa&#231;on que la classe ouvri&#232;re russe, sous la direction des bolch&#233;viks, a adopt&#233; comme sienne les revendications agraires et nationales de millions de paysans. C'est pareil pour la question nationale que pour la question de la terre : si le programme de la classe ouvri&#232;re russe &#233;tait la collectivisation de la terre, celle-ci ne pouvait &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e qu'&#224; travers le programme paysan petit-bourgeois comme condition politique (alliance ouvri&#232;re et paysanne) pour avoir le soutien aux soviets, pr&#233;-condition pour une future collectivisation de la terre. De la m&#234;me fa&#231;on, si le programme de la classe ouvri&#232;re est l'abolition des fronti&#232;res nationales, la pr&#233;-condition est le soutien inconditionnel du prol&#233;tariat au droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination des nationalit&#233;s opprim&#233;es. Seulement &#227; travers la r&#233;solution effective des revendications d&#233;mocratiques, le prol&#233;tariat peut gagner la confiance des masses, prendre le pouvoir et avancer vers la r&#233;alisation du socialisme. Une f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste des Balkans seulement pourra &#234;tre possible sur la base de la confiance et de la solidarit&#233; mutuelle de la classe ouvri&#232;re et des masses de la r&#233;gion, ce qui impose au prol&#233;tariat serbe l'obligation de d&#233;fendre et de lutter contre son propre gouvernement pour le droit &#224; l'auto-d&#233;termination des albano-kosovares. Comment peut-on pr&#233;tendre agglutiner les peuples des nations opprim&#233;es, alli&#233;es du prol&#233;tariat, si celui-ci est incapable de d&#233;fendre leur droit &#224; la s&#233;paration &#233;tatique et si on ne leur offre en &#233;change que des appellations creuses &#224; leur devoir de s'unir avec la classe ouvri&#232;re serbe qu'ils per&#231;oivent comme &#233;tant complice de leur oppression politique ? Ne pas d&#233;fendre ce droit signifie nier d&#232;s le d&#233;but la t&#226;che de l'alliance r&#233;volutionnaire de la classe ouvri&#232;re et des peuples opprim&#233;es et donc renoncer &#224; la r&#233;volution ; cela signifie pousser dans les faits les nations opprim&#233;es du c&#244;t&#233; de la r&#233;action en laissant dans les mains des d&#233;magogues imp&#233;rialistes les drapeaux de la d&#233;mocratie, comme nous l'avons vu, malheureusement, au Kosovo. Cela signifie, dans les faits, &#234;tre un socialiste et un internationaliste&#8230; de papier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le conflit des Balkans il &#233;tait &#233;vident que le petit peuple du Kosovo ne pouvait pas &#234;tre une force r&#233;volutionnaire ind&#233;pendante dans la sc&#232;ne mondiale. Il devait in&#233;vitablement osciller entre les grandes classes sociales, entre l'imp&#233;rialisme et la classe ouvri&#232;re. Mais il pouvait devenir le fer de lance de la lutte de classes europ&#233;enne ; pour les marxistes la lutte nationale kosovare n'&#233;tait pas un malheur mais une opportunit&#233; r&#233;volutionnaire qui devait &#234;tre utilis&#233;e. Le r&#233;sultat a &#233;t&#233; une importante victoire imp&#233;rialiste, bien que couteuse, l'&#233;tablissement d'un protectorat qui nie tout droit national, un renforcement des gouvernements bourreaux des travailleurs et une crise &#233;norme en Serbie qui devra &#234;tre pay&#233;e par la classe ouvri&#232;re yougoslave. La classe ouvri&#232;re europ&#233;enne, qui a d&#233;pos&#233; sa confiance sur les gouvernements sociaux-d&#233;mocrates, devra apprendre de ses erreurs. Or, la brutale crise pour laquelle traverse aujourd'hui la classe ouvri&#232;re ne donne pas de l'impunit&#233; &#227; celui qui se revendiquant r&#233;volutionnaire d&#233;fend des issues r&#233;actionnaires comme celle de l'ONU, rejette la lutte d&#233;mocratique et nationale comme un instrument de la lutte de classes ou substitue l'intervention prol&#233;tarienne ind&#233;pendante pour des variantes nationalistes petite-bourgeoises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une politique r&#233;volutionnaire devait partir d'appeler &#224; l'intervention autonome du prol&#233;tariat pour vaincre l'intervention de l'OTAN, d&#233;stabilisant les forces imp&#233;rialistes dans les Balkans, et de d&#233;fendre le droit &#224; l'auto-d&#233;termination nationale contre le statu quo imp&#233;rialiste et le r&#233;gime r&#233;actionnaire de Milosevic. On ne peut pas consid&#233;rer r&#233;volutionnaire la politique qui, tout en disant lutter pour le socialisme, ne sache ou ne veuille pas profiter de la lutte nationale kosovare pour amplifier et &#233;largir la crise du r&#233;gime imp&#233;rialiste et faciliter l'action d&#233;cid&#233;e du prol&#233;tariat. De la m&#234;me fa&#231;on, on ne peut pas consid&#233;rer r&#233;volutionnaire un programme qui envisage le droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination mais en excluant de celui-ci la lutte pour la dictature du prol&#233;tariat et pour l'extension de la r&#233;volution aux Balkans et &#227; toute l'Europe. Celle-ci a &#233;t&#233; la position de plusieurs groupes qui ont s&#233;par&#233; la lutte d&#233;mocratique de la r&#233;volution prol&#233;tarienne, rejetant dans les faits cette derni&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un Kosovo ind&#233;pendant des ouvriers et des paysans c'est le seul mot d'ordre qui r&#233;pond &#224; l'int&#233;r&#234;t de la classe ouvri&#232;re internationale en ce qui concerne le conflit national en cours, le seul chemin r&#233;el vers le renversement de la bureaucratie et l'instauration de la f&#233;d&#233;ration socialiste libre et volontaire des Balkans. Cela implique en premier lieu le retrait de toutes les troupes de l'OTAN et de la Russie des Balkans et le libre droit &#224; l'autod&#233;termination nationale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>The impotence of 'progressivism'</title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/The-impotence-of-progressivism</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/The-impotence-of-progressivism</guid>
		<dc:date>2009-06-08T15:00:30Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Am&#233;rica Latina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Argentina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The emergence of the government's new Alliance with Menem's former Minister of Economy, Domingo Cavallo, at his core, could be the last attempt at saving what is left of the r&#233;gime of domination established in 1983, caught between the capitalist crisis and the workers' and people's struggles. But this very act of 'salvation' inaugurated a r&#233;gime with pre-Bonapartist characteristics. All the political institutions that the ruling class had used to preserve its hegemony and which have gone (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/International-Strategy-Review-17" rel="directory"&gt;International Strategy Review 17&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/America-Latina" rel="tag"&gt;Am&#233;rica Latina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Politica" rel="tag"&gt;Pol&#237;tica&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Argentina-100" rel="tag"&gt;Argentina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/5-Debates-de-estrategia" rel="tag"&gt;5 Debates de estrategia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/9-Lucha-de-clases-en-Latinoamerica" rel="tag"&gt;9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The emergence of the government's new Alliance with Menem's former Minister of Economy, Domingo Cavallo, at his core, could be the last attempt at saving what is left of the r&#233;gime of domination established in 1983, caught between the capitalist crisis and the workers' and people's struggles. But this very act of 'salvation' inaugurated a r&#233;gime with pre-Bonapartist characteristics. All the political institutions that the ruling class had used to preserve its hegemony and which have gone through a deep process of decomposition throughout the past 18 years, have now been discredited. Faced with the government's weakness, the parliament has been unable to limit the dissatisfaction of masses and find a solution to the economic, political and social crisis gripping the country. This inability was most clearly expressed when the parliament granted Cavallo, the Minister of Economy, special legislative faculties.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This political crisis of bourgeois democratic regimes, is being experienced by a growing number of Latin American countries with their own peculiarities. Colombia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador are the most evident cases.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, during and after the crisis, all the representatives of local progressivism -as usual- have begun to play their reformist role. Radical deputy Elisa Carri&#243;, who denounced the legislators that 'have climbed aboard the Titanic' by voting the delegation of faculties, and who proposed the 'refounding of the republic', took back her accusation of 'infamous traitors to the country' as soon as she could. How would this eloquent deputy 'refound' who-knows-which enigmatic new republic, if she is not even capable of upholding a modest judicial accusation against the representatives of the 'old' republic?. Other tendencies of the center left have raised hue and cry and proposed a referendum as a solution for the crisis. Others are busy building new political groups and new 'opposition' fronts, in order to try their luck in the forthcoming elections, while right-wing Minister Cavallo will push ahead with his 'neoliberal' policies before and after the October elections. Cowardly towards power, helpless in the present and fearful of the future, the new center left does not and cannot constitute an organic force able to save the poor and exploited nation from its ruin. As the political leadership of the petty bourgeoisie they kneel before the big bourgeoisie and pay tribute to imperialist capital, before which they bow servilely, thus being impotent to represent the genuine interests of the ruined middle class who can only find a solution to their needs in the only class and program that can lead society ahead, the working class.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Senile Keynesianism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The intellectual and political representatives and union leaders that turn to progressivism or the so-called 'new thought' have seen their new attempt to achieve a 'social', 'participative' democracy or one of 'equal opportunities' collapse after the complete failure of Alfonsin's goverment (1983-1989). Since the crisis and downfall of Menemism, hundreds of articles, magazines and books have captured their growing dissatisfaction with the different economic and political initiatives implemented by the goverments of the time. Democracy as a 'procedural' mechanism was associated with neoliberal policies and democratic restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#034;Democracy or cutbacks&#034; says the Central de Trabajadores Argentinos (Argentinian Workers' Union Federation, CTA) led by Victor De Gennaro. Sociologist Jos&#233; Nun, a regular in journalist Horacio Verbitsky's editorials, has claimed in his book 'Democracia &#191;Gobierno del pueblo o gobierno de los pol&#237;ticos?' that what is needed is something like a 'Keynesian democracy', based on 'people's well-being and participation' and which would ameliorate the social conflict1. Thus, he overlooks the fact that welfare States have only been possible in the imperialist States, particularly during the postwar boom, and that semicolonial and dependant countries like Argentina have at most achieved pseudoindustrialization by means of import substitution, being tied and subordinated to foreign capital. Center-left thinker Guillermo O' Donnel came to similar conclusions, prescribing, against 'the authoritarian power of financial capital', a 'productive alliance based on values of social equity and a reinvigorated democracy which would in turn lay the basis to rebuild the nation'2. But we insist, Argentina is a semicolonial nation, lacking sovereignty and linked by economic, political, military and cultural ties to imperialist domination.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All these people were supporters of Alfonsin's r&#233;gime, in which they sought to find a balance between parliamentary democracy and social justice after 'decades of military coups and populism'. Later they were joined by some who were disappointed with Menemism. Then they promoted 'transparency' and the 'fight against 'corruption in opposition to Menem's cutbacks. This accounts for the emergence of the Frepaso, after the 'Pacto de Olivos' in 1994. This center-left group became part of De la R&#250;a's ruling coalition in 1999 -a bloc made up of the Frepaso and the bourgeois Radical Party. Later on, they granted Cavallo the 'superpowers' and were thrown into disarray. Those who first propped up the bipartisan r&#233;gime, saving its parties from collapse, later fell down with them. The new center left that is emerging from the old, based on the spirit of class collaboration and the defense of the bourgeois State, will end up in the same way as its predecessors, torn apart by class struggles and the capitalist crisis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CTA, at one time claimed that a new 'antineoliberal democracy' would emerge from the changed relationship between social forces, that is to say, from a State and government that would listen to the masses' demands. 'Civil society' could impose the people's demands on the capitalist State. What De Gennaro and its center left co-thinkers have failed so far to explain is why the upswing of the people's and workers struggles, as shown in the past four general strikes, the organization of the unemployed workers'movement and the mass opposition against the capitalist onslaught, have not led to unemployment benefits, 'participative democracy' nor anything like it. Quite otherwise, they have nurtured something new, &#034;Cavallism&#034;. Because for progressivism, the class nature of democracy is, in the best of cases, an incomprehensible hieroglyphic or else a demod&#233; Marxist dogma.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Post-counterrevolutionary democracy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Actually, 'cutbacks' and 'democracy' are not incompatible, on the contrary, they constituted the framework in which the political r&#233;gime has operated for 18 years. In the words of progressives, democracy was not meant to be Keynesian, but 'neoliberal' through and through. And in this case, as in so many others, the aristocratic Schumpeter was more realistic than all the center left put together: &#034;democracy is what it is.&#034; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The bourgeois democracy of 1983 emerged from the people's struggles against the dictatorship, but was marked from the beginning by the defeat of the working class and its most combative vanguard under the military dictatorship on one hand, and by the country's defeat in Malvinas before Anglo-American imperialism, on the other. It emerged from those historical defeats that allowed US imperialism to promote bourgeois democratic regimes in Argentina and in the rest of Latin America, all of them instrumental in their domination and much more secure and stable than the old worn-out and discredited dictatorships.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The democracy inaugurated in 1983 was thus a post-counterrevolutionary democracy. Under the cover of democracy and the Constitution the ruling class and imperialism carried out an extraordinary political, economic and ideological offensive against the masses. This capitalist offensive carried out under the banners of democracy took place in different countries and in different circunstances3, as part of the imperialist counteroffensive and as a counterrrevolutionary response to the uprisings that took place worldwide from 1968 to at least 1981. These policies of democratic counterrevolution were always combined with punitive military interventions as in Iraq, or support for self-coups like Fujimori's.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The bourgeois democratic r&#233;gime, whose most solid institution has been perhaps the universal vote, creates the illusion of sovereignty and autonomy in the decisions of the masses through voting. Representative democracy ignores the class antagonism in production relationships and treats citizens as free and equal before the law, beyond their belonging to a certain social class. This democracy, progressivism's panacea, has been the most effective political instrument in pushing ahead with an unparalleled capitalist offensive and imperialist take over, with no precedent in any political r&#233;gime in national history -except during the '30s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Without the capacity of the subordinated classes to seriously question private property and imperialist domination altogether, the exceptional stability of Argentinean democracy was the consequence of a new bloc of bourgeois power constituted throughout the recurrent crises in the 80s, and which was consolidated during the 90s. This process could be divided into three stages: 1) under the military r&#233;gime the indebtedness and the differential interest rates that allowed for increased financial speculation along with the flight of capitals, the opening of markets and the nationalization of foreign debt in 1981-82 were the key weapons of the massive transference of resources away from the workers and the masses and into the hands of both local and foreign big capital. This continued under Alfons&#237;n's government. The State was a key lever in this exorbitant transfer of resources. The rapid increase of foreign debt that was later combined with a deep economic recession during the 80s fuelled the flight of capitals. It is estimated that, through these mechanisms, &#034;the total transfer made from the state to concentrated capital in the 80s was worth 105 billion dollars&#034;4. Of this amount it is believed that about 35 billion came from the surcharges paid by the state in purchases and contracts, directly benefitting companies like P&#233;rez Companc, Techint, Siemens, etc., that is to say, the association of the so-called 'industry captains' with foreign corporations. The world capitalist crisis, the end of the postwar boom, the exhaustion of the import substitution stage that cleared the way for the opening of markets according to the productive needs of imperialist countries, concentrating on agroindustry and raw materials, and a domestic market mainly limited to the upper-middle class, brought about a change in the social base and alliances of the classes. The new ruling bloc has no intention of playing a demagogical card. On the contrary, it is permanently pursuing the devaluation of the labour force, and rests upon the concentration of capital in a handful of large corporations, establishing a long-standing bond with foreign capital on which it depends financially and technologically. Alfons&#237;n's government, after the complete failure of his Minister of Economy Grinspun and the 'debtors' club', reached an agreement with creditors and imposed an economy of war against the workers. By issuing currency and devaluation, it favored the devaluation of salaries on one hand, and by means of exports promotion it was able to get the revenues to pay back the debt, on the other. Even so, big capital managed to take advantage from the sky-rocketing inflation and the Radical government's impasse. 2) Menem's government, after some hesitation came to impose this program. The inflationary crisis, while the working class was prevented by the union leadership from carrying out independent policies, was used to push ahead with big capital's unfinished tasks. The results are well-known. Later, the defeat of the struggle against privatizations stabilized Menem's government and gave it enough strength to implement the whole of the establishment's political program. This coincided with the relaunch of the US offensive worldwide -as the war against Iraq showed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But the Menem's government also modified the 'rules of the game' by establishing a Bonapartist power that led to the crisis of the old bipartisanship that culminated in the 'Pacto de Olivos'. This pact meant a quantum leap. It codified the juridical and political needs of the establishment, i.e, to concentrate power in tune with the imperialists' needs. The constitutional reform nurtured by the 'Pacto de Olivos, codified, among other things, the notorious provision 76 authorizing the legislative power to grant the executive special faculties. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Menem's government went for a strong and centralized power, an open relationship between capitalist interests and State administration, to an extent never reached by the previous government. By means of the State Reform and Economic Emergency laws, the political party system and parliamentary debate were subordinated to the techno-bureaucratic efficiency of the state which concentrated the fundamental levers of capitalist reforms in its hands. Its decline, which began with the 'Tequila crisis' in 1995, would later be reflected by the struggles of 1996 and 1997. 3) The onset of the world economic crisis in Southeast Asia in 1997, and the ensuing 1998 recession, the people's struggle against Menem's government and the rifts in the core of the bourgeoisie, were the essential elements of the crisis and exhaustion of the cycle that had begun in the 90s. The Alliance came to derail the masses' struggle against Menem's government, relegitimate the worn-away institutions of the bipartisan r&#233;gime and nourish expectations; the Alliance's government began with a certain 'reformist' profile. But the Alliance was eroded by the crisis, the pressure from creditors, the bosses' demands and the people's struggles whose main characteristic was the reemergence of the working class with the past four general strikes and the development of the unemployed workers' movement which has been the vanguard of the struggle. Cavallos's ascent to power was the culmination of this process and at the same time the consequence of the decline of the r&#233;gime of domination established in 1983.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Degraded democracy and Bonapartist tendencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fact that political democracy as a type of government, under the effects of the capitalist crisis and the workers' and people's struggles, is not widened or else becomes increasingly 'social', as progressivism proclaims, is not only demonstrated by current experience, but by the whole contemporary society's record. When Guillermo O' Donnell and other representatives of native &#034;progressive&#034; sociology look for political solutions, they should not look for it in Max Weber's postulates on the Weimar republic5, that sought to preserve and deepen democracy by controlling the State 'iron cage' and 'inanimate machine', in spite of a Socialdemocratic majority in parliament. They should rather look into Weber as an advocate of Cesarism, the one who understood that behind the reformist leaders were the German workers, and that the latter's defiant power prevented the bourgeois parliament from acting freely, especially under the devastating effects of the postwar crisis, made worse by the draconinan terms of the treaty of Versailles. The one who believed that 'a nation's interests are above democracy and parliamentarianism'6. This theoretician, the most lucid of the bourgeoisie of his time, leaned increasingly toward plebiscitarian variants, while the legitimacy of the Weimar republic was being challenged by the emergence of the proletariat. The 'democratic republican' Weber of 'progressive' sociology, is in fact the theoretician of a balance between parliament, the state bureaucracy and the Cesarist leader. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The heart of republican policies does not reside in the representation of interests and in 'participative democracy', but in the effectiveness of power. &#034;In mass States, this Cesarist element is ineradicable&#034;7, he claimed, since politics are determined by the 'principle of small numbers' and their room for maneuver. Hence a stable democracy, based on a parliamentary institution within which bourgeois fractions settle matters and achieve consensus requires, on one hand, an unprecedented economic prosperity and, closely linked to the first condition, the ability to grant the masses massive concessions. In Weber, the concern for democracy's slow death under the weight of formal rationality goes hand in hand with the conviction that martial law is necessary in certain cases &#034;in order to prevent the risk of going through what is happening in Russia&#034;. He is the advocate, therefore, not only of parlamentarianism, but also of the Cesarist-styled delegation of special faculties.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The State and national bourgeoisie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But Cesarist or Bonapartist tendencies in semicolonial countries like Argentina, in periods in which the crises worsen, are reinforced by a three-fold pressure: that of foreign capital and imperialism, which subjects the nation to its dictates, plundering the resources of the state and the society; that of the local big bourgeoisie, who, associated with foreign capital seek their own benefit by making the masses pay for their bad businesses during recessions; and that of the working class and the people that when resisting the capitalist offensive prevent bourgeois domination from being exerted by means of ordinary mechanisms, thus forcing the government to adopt extraordinary measures, in a dialectic of authoritarian measures and electoral deception.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The imperialist take over, the capitalist offensive against labor and the establishment's extreme greed, leave no room for the progressives' yearned-for redistributional policies, nor for policies of pressuring the bourgeois State, on which they depend. The Peronist union bureaucracy is also increasingly uncapable to wrestle major concessions to keep the working class in the grip of the bourgeoisie. This inability to grant important concessions is the wall all progressives come up against, no matter their belief that the state is not an instrument for capital's rule (they hate Marxist definitions above all things), but an empty sack that can be filled with redistributional policies, beyond the real conditions of capitalist development. Peronism, as a bourgeois nationalist movement, tended to be overcome by the workers' radicalization in the 70s. In the past few decades it has definitely become a political instrument of big capital. What the petty bourgeois center left needs is a bourgeoisie capable of recreating the past &#034;glory days&#034;. Their theory of 'civil society' as a social subject capable of transforming the State, just misses the point, showing that they have been unable to find any bourgeois sector able or willing to go for a 'different country'. The new center left has no other program than that which can be raised by some sector of the ruling class, nor any strategy other than class collaboration and bourgeois reformism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bonapartist tendencies in semicolonial countries&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To be able to advance in their war against the masses' standard of living, foreign and local bourgeoisies need to concentrate all the political instruments of power in the hands of their political representatives, denying the people any right to make decisions in order to impose their own will with no restrictions. The idea of 'Democracy for a hundred years' turned into decrees of necessity and urgency, an injuction from a servile Supreme Court dictating the privatisation of the Argentine carrier, impunity for the military, dirty businesses worth millions, the sale and purchase of votes in the Senate, and a corrupt bond between the legislators and the large corporations. Even so, all these extraordinary measures, the widespread corruption and systematic violation of the reactionary Constitution, were not enough to put an end to the people's discontent, save capitalists businesses and start a new economic cycle. Mr. Cavallo, a politician that had been bashed by all the representatives of progressivism, a name unaccepted by the population subjected to his policies, hated and rejected by the majority but faithful and responsible before financial organizations and local capital, was called to govern because of the impotence and paralysis of the republican institutions which were forced to turn to him. The State, controlled by monopolies and tied to international financial capital, is in constant contradiction with the population's most basic needs, increasingly losing legitimacy in the eyes of the masses, which regard them a hollow shell. It is the presidency the one who adjudicates in favor of one bourgeois clique or another, rather than the ordinary parliamentarian proceedings. This tendency toward the degradation of democracy, to concentrate power in the hands of a handful of technocrats and 'saviors' is not something exceptional but rather the most evident confirmation of the Marxist analysis on the class nature of democracy. The latter postulates its degradation and collapse under the hammer blows of the capitalist crisis and the uprising of the masses, giving the lie to the advocates of the so-called 'new thought' and State 'neutrality'. (8)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historical Exceptions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The fact that the democratic period of the past 18 years is an exceptional phenomenon is shown by Argentinean history. The period of liberal constitutionalism, at least from 1870-80 to 1920-30 was a relatively stable one -the exception being Yrigoyen's period*- due to the fact that it rested upon the agrarian superprofits of the native oligarchy associated to an expanding English imperialism on one hand, and the relative immaturity of the proletariat on the other -a time when the masses were disenfranchised. But as the middle classes burst unto the country's political scene, along with the emergence of the working class as a fundamental actor in national political life, the record of the different political r&#233;gimes, from 1930 to 1983, was one of different Bonapartist-type r&#233;gimes, either reactionary, like the openly proimperialist military dictatorships, or populist ones like Peronism. The latter rested on the labor movement in order to negotiate with US imperialism -to which it surrendered in the end- the share of national surplus value and the economic sovereignty over the country's resources and the domestic market9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These special conditions of State power are determined by the position of the bourgeoisie in backward countries, as exploiters of their own proletariat from which they obtain their capitalist benefit and as a semi-oppressed class, in a tug of war for the exploitation of its own market with foreign capital. In clear contrast with the proletariat's social strength and iron grip of imperialist bourgeoisie, it stands as a weak social class, incapable of exerting its power in an independent way. This phenomenon fueled a great political instability during all of the twentieth century in backward countries.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The succesive political regimes since the so-called 'infamous decade'in the 30s, ranging from Peronism, the ensuing 1955 dictatorship that banned Peronism and the unions altogether, Peron's comeback to power in 1973, right up to the 1976 coup, were a whole series of sui generis Bonapartist-styled regimes which included populist variants such as Peronism, or else military dictatorships and restricted democracies. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The exceptional current 18 year-long democratic period was thus ushered in by previous defeats that allowed for a relatively stable capitalist exploitation that went hand in hand with a post-counterrevolutionary democracy. But it is a democracy ridden with Cesarist features, one increasingly degraded because of the combined pressure of foreign capital and the exploited classes, paving the way for a further confrontation between revolution and counterrevolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The infamous pact of the XXI century&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The onset of the cycle of military coups and institutional instability in the country started with Gen. Uriburu's coup in 1930. The military r&#233;gime that reinstated a fraudulent electoral system, led to the government of the 'Concordancia', a coalition of conservatives, a faction of the Radical Party and 'independent socialists' that supported Gen. Justo in power. The purpose of this infamous r&#233;gime was to prop up the ailing superprofits of the crisis-ridden oligarchy. It was a r&#233;gime of national subordination to imperialism that culminated in the Roca-Runciman pact, which established a real 'legal statute of colonial subordination'. This infamous pact was denounced by FORJA (Fuerza de Orientaci&#243;n Radical de la Joven Argentina), a group of young middle class intellectuals. In spite of FORJA's class limits -which later led them to embrace Peronism- it took an anti-imperialist stand, something that today's &#034;progressives&#034; do not even dare think about.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;By means of this pact the local landowning oligarchy, in exchange for keeping a quota of 350 thousand tons of meat in the British market, handed the levers of the Argentinean economy over to the British rulers, i.e., the control of foreign currency, transport, oil production and the English and US meat-packing trust, among other things. Today, as in the 30s, this new &#034;infamous&#034; r&#233;gime seeks a new legal statute of colonial subordination through the FTAA (Free Trade Agreement for the Americas), by means of which US imperialism seeks to obtain a captive market for its products, the control of raw materials, and all the resources of the continent. It is an ambitious project in its interimperialist competition with Europe and Japan in which it uses the continent as a game preserve. Can 'a project for a new nation' and 'participative democracy' still be built without breaking with imperialism altogether?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Political r&#233;gime, imperialism and working class&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Well-known center left journalist Horacio Verbitsky has made a seemingly deep but actually superficial analysis in one of his editorials. Explaining Cavallo's role in the government, he describes him as a arbiter between 'dollarization-prone multinationals and the pro-devaluation lobbies'. Both during the 1982 crisis when Cavallo chaired the Central Bank, and later on his appointment as Minister of Economy in the 90s, he is regarded by Verbitsky as an arbiter between the different capitalist fractions. The relationship between the working class and the different bourgeois solutions to the crises remains mysterious, in a picture where the working class is always either a victim of exploitation and deceit or else subjected to State terrorism, inflation or unemployment. But the various types of political regimes that have been established are directly related to class struggle. Cavallo's rise to the top has not only highlighted that the Alliance's government failed in putting back together the bourgeois front that split up in the wake of the world crisis that started in 1997 and the Argentinean recession. It has also exposed the inability of the executive power in pushing ahead with cuts to state spending that threatened spark off a mass rebellion. This led to the ousting of 'arch-neoliberal' Minister of Economy Lopez Murphy and the inauguration of Cavallo promising the 'revival' of the Argentine economy. Thus, the government's current position is far from stable, since it does not rely on the defeat of the masses. The big bourgeoisie was able to solve the crisis in a reactionary way because the official leaders of the mass movement, especially those that claim to be 'antineoliberal' have failed to deliver a solution, that is to say, they have been a stumbling block in the road to the revolutionary downfall of the government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Verbitsky's analysis has an even bigger flaw. For him, imperialism boils down to 'transnational capital', encompassing some Argentine companies within it. Therefore, he overlooks the fact that the democratic r&#233;gime established in 1983 has been profoundly reactionary because it has been the vehicle for the imperialist take over of the nation, to an extent not even dictatorships like those of Ongan&#237;a could achieve. But the word imperialism is alien to the &#034;progressives&#034;, to the extent that they prescribe a 'model' of 'participative democracy', of 'inclusion' and 'well-being of the people', an independent and sovereign country, a 'new republic', without touching even one of imperialism's or capitalism's interests, and breaking with multilateral agencies such as the IMF and the World Bank.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Imperialism and national Hegemony&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There are different strands within the &#034;progressive&#034; camp. Certain 'sophisticated' intellectuals propose a 'people's bloc' or a 'counter-hegemonic bloc', -some of them stand by bigfrontist projects. They wrongly cling to Gramsci's concept of hegemony, one that isolates class hegemony within a nation-state from the influence of the world economy and the state system in the imperialist stage. 'National demands come together in the concept of hegemony', he had claimed, although these demands and their 'combination of national forces' are modified by international conditions, very sharply at times of crisis, wars and revolutions10. The &#034;Gramsci-styled&#034; advocates of the 'new bloc' and the 'new thought' carry this mistaken view to new, undreamed-of heights, especially when they apply it to semicolonial countries. To what extent is the bourgeoisie in backward countries capable of building a 'historical bloc', a long-lasting hegemony in those societies? The term &#034;hegemony&#034; should be at least be used conditionally. This theoretical limit is important in backward countries, which are dependent on foreign capital, and the State has no sovereignty, in which 'the sovereign majesty of Bismarckism' is not enough, its institutions of rule being inextricably tied and subordinated to the relationships between the national bourgeoisie and the foreign classes. It is for that reason that the bosses' particular interests can never become the general interests of the nation. Marxists take heed of the pecularities of national development, but we explain these by analyzing the relationship and the shifts in its social and political structure, always subjected to the influence of foreign classes and powers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;By making a hotch-potch out of Gramsci's postulates, be them mistaken or not, they seek to explain away the nature of both the national State and the political r&#233;gime isolating them from the key influence of imperialism. They try to portray an infantile and deeply reactionary picture that a 'new bloc of power' and a 'project for an independent, democratic and even socialist (!) country might be created without waging a revolutionary struggle against imperialism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Colonized 'progressives'&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One should just look behind the facade of these representatives of 'Keynesian democracy' (who seek to eliminate unemployment, poverty and all the calamities affecting the exploited nation by means of a petition and a good legislation), to uncover the democratic servants of capital and imperialism, the theoreticians of class collaboration, the humanist imbued with a bourgeois spirit, one that gets good money and reputation from their quangos, and also the bureacrat living off State favors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is no coincidence that the progressives in our country extoll the virtues of 'US democracy', as center left deputy Elisa Carri&#243;, who portrayed it as an example of transparency and decency. They also praise European democracy, France's in particular, the same that bombarded Iraq and Serbia, and is responsible for the genocide in Africa. Bernard Cassen, Le Monde Diplomatique editor-in-chief, claimed on local television soon after his visit to Argentina, that contrary to the USA, France has no tariff protection system at all, except for its cultural industry. But both the local chief of Le Monde Diplomatique, and their partners from the CTA have remained silent about France's agricultural policies, not to mention the French lobby in defense of the monopolic positions of its service companies in the country, or else Renault's dirty businesses. Does such view respond to the need not to divide 'the anti-American front' or to the Maoist theory of 'principal and secondary contradictions'? When the center left speaks out against corruption and bribes, they should consider the case of arms trafficking, in which an entire sector of the State, Fabricaciones Militares, army units, etc., was used to produce weapons and smuggle them into Croatia (a NATO-controlled zone), and thus counted with the go-ahead of imperialism. It was the complicity and impunity of the 'carnal relationship' with the USA that encouraged the government to do this. Other notorious cases of dirty business and money laundering scandals (Moneta-Citibank; IBM-Banco Naci&#243;n) show that corruption is inherent to the parasitic characteristics of a declining world capitalism, and that imperialist monopolies and governments alike use it as a tool for domination and looting.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Those that yesterday praised bourgeois nationalism as the solution to free our 'grand country' (like most leaders of the CTA), today want 'a social democracy' subordinated to imperialism. And all this under the banner of 'globalization', the 'new thought' and the 'antineoliberal bloc'. It is evident that the bourgeoisie holds sway over the petty bourgeoisie and the labor movement leaderships alike, which have no alternative to defeat and submission.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The solution to all problems is in the hands of ... the bourgeois state&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Both the trade union federation CTA and Verbitsky have been raising the need of an 'employment and training insurance' scheme. This project has been presented not as a temporary relief to strengthen the working class in order to achieve the sharing out of working hours between employed and unemployed workers, but rather as a universal panacea, and even as a measure for reviving the capitalist economy! They claim a Keynesian budget would kickstart the economy. It is a program designed to help the government put an end to recession. They consider that 'assigning 11.4 billion pesos for consumption shoud lead to the recovery of demand, multiplying two and a half times that amount.' The companies' revenues would lead to new wage levels and increased demand, creating a new consumption level worth 28 billion which would sustain the cycle of production and consumption. This way, there would be a 'productive shock' which would revive the country's industry and growth. Horacio Verbitsky explained this a few days ago. Rejecting the official proposal, he claimed that 'it eliminates the items of income redistribution, the expansion of domestic demand and the relaunching of a productive and reindustrializing strategy and of regional balance, which could be provided for by the Employment and Training Insurance, that would work as a minimum wage for the whole economy, bringing about a 'consumption shock'11.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This train of thought is fallacious. There is no way to be sure that the companies' extra income should be reinvested in new wages and fresh capital goods. This depends on the capitalists' profit rate, the level of labor productivity, the international and national interest rate that would render productive investment more or less profitable. When in the 90s the country grew at an annual rate of 6 or 7%, national capitalists sold their companies but they did not reinvest their capital here. The multinationals deposited more than 70% of their earnings overseas, they did not reinvest them in the country, thus worsening deficit of the balance of payment. But this is not the most important point, after all, nobody can complain if those who seek a 'humanized' capitalism try to contribute to the better functioning of capitalism itself and good businesses for capitalists.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Verbitsky enthusiastically considers that funds from the following can be used for the CTA's insurance:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1 - 'the 2.6 billion that are being used for family benefits and other assistance programs'. With this measure, Verbitsky does the same as the government, taking funds from one program to use for another, this way creating greater division within the working class.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2 - 'this rise in demand of around 7 percent would make the amount of tax income increase by about 800 million per each point. Only through this revival by means of more consumption, can the current tax system become more productive. The additional amount of tax revenues would be 5.6 billion.'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, when demand increased along with the GDP in the 90s, the additional tax revenues never rose in that proportion. Also, these are funds that would presumably (doubtfully) be obtained after a period of boom. Meanwhile Verbitsky can get a loan from the private pension funds or else negotiate with the World bank in order to finance the project.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3 - 'Another 1.5 billion could be obtained if the employers' contributions be reinstated in the case of big taxpayers such as the service sector, non-export oriented and therefore not subject to international competition, like the privatized companies, banks and hypermarkets'. But with this measure he is just walking in the footsteps of Menem's Ministers Cavallo and Roque Fern&#225;ndez. When service companies and banks had not yet been exempted from paying employers contributions, they nevertheless obtained superprofits out of charging the world's highest tariffs , royalties and captive markets, increasing their earnings by the embezzlement of the people's savings. Banks today enjoy tax breaks on the sale-purchase of stocks and bonds and foreign loans. This can only lead to caving in to the privatization rip-off, without raising the need for the expropriation of these companies under workers' control, refusing to demande a progressive taxation on the rich.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4 - 'the much announced elimination of income tax exemptions, for which the Congress has now granted the Executive Power its faculties, would increase tax revenues by at least 10 billion.&#034; Although no one can be certain this amount would ever be collected, companies will most probably find ways to make consumers pay for the loss of this privilege.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5 - 'Lastly, the reassignment of the National Public Sector's current social schemes would contribute with another 3.7 billion'. That is to say, take the funds from one office to another, although in the process some specific groups, like the disabled, can lose benefits. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Verbitsky considers the non-payment of foreign debt an expression of the &#034;populist right, the Paleo-left and the Roman Catholic Church&#034;, and tries to demonstrate that it is possible to eliminate unemployment, start a process of industrialization and redistribute the country's wealth without going against imperialism's interests or capitalist property in the least. How to save farmers and shopkeepers from economic ruin, how to grant them cheap loans, how to reduce the cost of public services for consumption and production, how to prevent the flight of capitals and customs maneuvers, how to prevent a group of parasites from destabilizing our currency by one single transaction throwing millions into poverty, how to carry out a plan of public works to eliminate unemployment, how to prevent the dictatorship of a handful of corporations that control half of the country's economy, is a complete and insurmountable mystery to these progressives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A process of genuine industrialization requires, in the first place, the control of the key levers of the country's economy, its raw materials, oil, energy, transportation, iron and steel industry and telecommunications at least. Only under these conditions can a rational plan of production and public works for the benefit of the exploited majority be carried out, creating jobs for hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers. But today these companies are in the hands of a small group of capitalists that accumulate extraordinary profits, take their capital abroad and generate a chronic deficit in the country's balance of payment, blocking the road to an authentic industrialization. But the center left deems expropriation a curse, and so they can propose no other solution than to 'regulate' the privatized companies and reinstate the employers' contributions. And this is how they plan to industrialize the country! They propose the same solution for the flight of capitals and the possibility of financial capital destabilizing the local currency, instantly ruining millions of workers and consumers. Corruption, money laundering and bribery, have all been the tricks that big banking and the local bourgeoisie have resorted to take control of the country's resources. Citibank has been caught red-handed in a laundering operation worth 4.5 billion dollars. Tax avoidance stands around 14 billion yearly. International private loans have been a good way to bring capital back into the country, avoiding taxation in the process, an opportunity to get juicy profits out of a differential interest rate. The AFJPs (the private pension funds), controlled by a small number of banks, blackmail the nation with usurious rates using the people's retirement funds. In other words, large banking has seized the nation by the neck, and our progressives demand... they should be controlled. Quite otherwise, the nationalization of banking under workers' control would do away with those calamities, and serve as a means for supporting small businesses through cheap loans and a production plan nationwide. Horacio Verbitsky has ended with a conundrum, unable to explain where the funds for his plan will come from, although he forgets to mention that the State annually spends above 11 billion to pay back the interests of the foreign debt. Not surprisingly, he brands it 'public', no matter the negotiations take place in Manhattan's plush offices.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In other words, the progressives' immagination comes up against the wall of private property and imperialist domination. They have been insisting on a campaing to lobby the the corrupt Parliament into passing their welfare scheme. The Regulation school -of which our native progressives are extremely fond of -misused and distorted Marxist concepts, postulating that since capitalism's laws are inexorable and cannot be overcome, the class struggle would play a major role, not in overthrowing the capitalist r&#233;gime, of course, but in ameliorating its hardships, holding back its more destructive tendencies, and avoiding the crises and disproportionalities between supply and demand in the process. The CTA and Verbitsky do not even go that far, because the class struggle is alien to them. They prefer to canvass for a referendum and lobby the legislators. Anyway, the union federation CTA and its chairman De Gennaro would most unlikely put an end to 'neoliberalism' and build 'a new Argentina', since they were unable to defend the workers from the wage cut implemented by De la Rua's beleaguered government.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Only by going against capital's property rights, (the expropriation of large corporations, the nationalization of banking under workers' control, etc.), breaking away with imperialism are we going to implement a plan in tune with the needs of the people, the producers and consumers, doing away with the anarchy of production based on capitalist greed. This program for the benefit of the exploited masses could be achieved by means of a workers' and socialist revolution alone, with a workers' and people's government. Such government, based on direct democracy and the self-government of the masses will bring millions of citizens into the administration of the country. On the contrary, bourgeois democracy (not to mention Latin America's) to which the progressives render a religious respect, systematically excludes them from decision-taking on political, economic and social issues. Thus, a workers' republic will prove to be a thousand times more democratic than the most perfect of bourgeois democracies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr class=&#034;spip&#034; /&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Footnotes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1 'From this follows the importance of the participative way that I'm referring to, which, among other things, could give democratic direction to the latent and open revolts and social conflicts which the situation makes unavoidable, which threaten to become increasingly radicalized and always turn out to be breeding grounds for self-proclaimed saviors of the country', Jos&#233; Nun, 'Democracia, &#191;gobierno del pueblo o gobierno de los pol&#237;ticos?'(Democracy: government of the people or government of politicians?), October 2000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2 Guillermo O' Donnel, 'El capital financiero y el futuro de la Argentina.'(Financial capital and the future of Argentina)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3 For an analysis of the different types of democratic transitions see 'Transiciones a la democracia: un instrumento del imperialismo norteamericano para administrar el declive de su hegemon&#237;a' (Democratic transitions: an instrument of US imperialism for administrating the decine of its hegemony), Estrategia Internacional N&#176;16.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4 Eduardo Basualdo, 'Acerca de la naturaleza de la deuda externa' (On the nature of foreign debt).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5 See their proposal for political reform in Argentinean newspaper P&#225;gina/12, 15-10-2000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6 Max Weber, 'Parlamento y gobierno en una Alemania reconstuida' (Parliament and government in a reconstructed Germany), included in some editions of 'Econom&#237;a y Sociedad' (Economy and Society).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7 ibid.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8 According to Claudio Lozano, chair of the CTA's 'Instituto de Estudios y Formaci&#243;n'(Institute of Studies and Training), the 'theoretical universe' bequeathed by Marx, erroneously led to 'the idea of democracy as mere institutional fiction or formality'. For the most complete misrepresentation of Marx's legacy and also its reformist and socialdemocratic interpretation see 'Democracia, estado y desigualdad. Consideraciones te&#243;ricas. Segundo Encuentro Nacional por un nuevo pensamiento (Democracy, State and inequality. Theoretical considerations), Second national meeting for new thought, p. 15.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;9 In relation to the political regimes of semicolonial countries, Trotsky claimed that 'in industrially backward countries, foreign capital plays a decisive role. This explains the relative weakness of the national bourgeoisie compared to the country's proletariat. This leads to special characteristics of State power. The government wavers between foreign capital and national, between the relatively weak national bourgeoisie and the relatively powerful proletariat. This gives the government a sui generis Bonapartist character, of a particular nature... In fact, it can govern either becoming the instrument of foreign capital and subjecting the proletariat under a police dictatorship, or maneuvering with the proletariat, even making concessions, in this way achieving certain freedom from foreign capital'. Le&#243;n Trotsky, 1938. In 'Escritos Latinoamericanos (Latin American Writings), Ediciones Ceip.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10 Gramsci was correctly opposed to Stalinism's ultra-leftist policies of the period between 1928 and 1935, appealing to the united front policies inspired by the Third and Fourth congresses of the Communist International. But he was unable to understand the struggle of the left opposition against the 'theory of socialism in one country' formulated by Stalin, whom he supported by resorting to the concept of national hegemony; therefore, the basis for his opposition to Trotsky was the need for an alliance between workers and peasants (that Trotsky denied less than anyone else) without understanding the limits of the revolution, and of the alliance itself in backward Russia compared to world capitalism. Gramsci claimed that '... the international situation should be considered in its national aspect. The 'national' correlation is the result of an 'original', unique combination, (to a certain extent) that should be understood and conceived in this originality and uniqueness in order to rule and lead. It is true that the development tends toward internationalism, but the starting point is a 'national' one, and it is in this starting point that we must position ourselves. But the perspective is international and cannot be otherwise. Therefore we must study the combination of national social forces that the international class will have to lead and develop according to the international perspective and guidelines. The leading class is only such if it appraises this combination exactly, of which this class is itself a component and precisely as such can give the movement a certain orientation according to certain perspectives. This is the heart, to my understanding, of the fundamental disagreement between Leone Davidovici (Trotsky) and Bessarione (Stalin) as a representative of the majority. The accusations of nationalism make no sense if they refer to the heart of the question. If one studies the effort made from 1902 up to 1917 by the majority, it is clear that their originality consists in purifying internationalism of all vague and purely ideological (in the pejorative sense) elements in order to give it a realistic political content'. Antonio Gramsci, 'Notas sobre la pol&#237;tica y el Estado moderno'(Notes on modern politics and State).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;11 Horacio Verbitsky, 'Da&#241;o moral', P&#225;gina/12, 8-4-01.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Pourquoi ne s'est pas exprim&#233; le &#8220; Qu'ils s'en aillent tous&#8221; ?</title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Pourquoi-ne-s-est-pas-exprime-le-Qu-ils-s-en-aillent-tous</link>
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		<dc:date>2003-04-30T23:32:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Am&#233;rica Latina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>An&#225;lisis</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Argentina</dc:subject>

		<description>&lt;p&gt;Le mot d'ordre &#171; Qu'ils s'en aillent tous &#187; (Qu&#233; se vayan todos) n&#233; pendant les journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre 2001, n'a pas trouv&#233; son expression politique lors des derni&#232;res &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles&lt;/p&gt;

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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le mot d'ordre &#171; Qu'ils s'en aillent tous &#187; (Qu&#233; se vayan todos) n&#233; pendant les journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre 2001, n'a pas trouv&#233; son expression politique lors des derni&#232;res &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles. Ni l'extr&#234;me-gauche ayant particip&#233; au suffrage (IU-PO)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;IU : Izquierda Unida : Gauche Unie, alliance entre le PC argentin et le MST. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, ni l'appel au vote blanc, impugnado&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voter avec un bulletin non officiel en signe de protestation (le vote est (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ou &#224; l'abstention (m&#234;me si ce fut la plus &#233;lev&#233;e depuis les &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles de 83) ont r&#233;ussi &#227; canaliser ce mot d'ordre. Alors que s'est-il pass&#233; ?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si on lit nominalement les r&#233;sultats, ils d&#233;montrent un virage &#227; droite de l'&#233;lectorat.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ces &#233;lections sont les enfants l&#233;gitimes de la conspiration politique du gouvernement et de tout le vieux r&#233;gime pour se maintenir envers et contre tout. Apr&#232;s le massacre d'Avellaneda&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Du 16 juin 2002. La police a abattu en marge d'une manifestation deux jeunes (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, le gouvernement a planifi&#233; ces &#233;lections pour se sauver et par-l&#224; m&#234;me sauver toutes les institutions qui titubaient. Non seulement il a tourn&#233; le dos aux revendications massives et populaires du &#171; Qu'ils s'en aillent tous &#187;, n'a pas appel&#233; &#227; des &#233;lections pour &#233;lire une constituante libre et souveraine pour organiser le pays sur de nouvelles bases, mais il n'a m&#234;me pas accept&#233; le renouvellement des mandats l&#233;gislatifs nationaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s avoir sauv&#233; la Cours Supr&#234;me de la col&#232;re populaire, son prochain objectif est de s'imposer par-dessus les grandes majorit&#233;s nationales. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cet objectif a &#233;t&#233; atteint par la collaboration inestimable de tout le centre-gauche, qui, comme Elisa Carrio de l'ARI, a dans un premier temps fait croire qu'ils r&#233;sistaient &#227; cette situation autoritaire (avec la CTA et Zamora au sein de &#171; l'espace citoyen &#187;) pour donner leur aval l&#233;gitimer les &#233;lections peu de temps apr&#232;s, mettant &#227; nu la l&#224;&#162;chet&#233; et la soumission intrins&#232;que des &#171; progressistes &#187; locaux. Le centre-gauche a accept&#233; sans rechigner que les &#233;lections nationales soient en m&#234;me temps le champ des disputes internes du Parti Justicialiste (p&#233;roniste).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans l'impossibilit&#233; de r&#233;aliser des &#233;lections internes sans que celles-ci n'entra&#238;nent la rupture en trois du p&#233;ronisme, Duhalde a impuls&#233; un proc&#233;d&#233; in&#233;dit par lequel un parti peut se pr&#233;senter avec trois candidats diff&#233;rents. Cette d&#233;mocratie sous tutelle de l'appareil justicialiste de la Province de Buenos Aires a r&#233;ussi, avec la complicit&#233; de toutes les institutions du r&#233;gime. Il s'est agi d'une fraude institutionnelle dans des proportions ph&#233;nom&#233;nales. L'impossibilit&#233; de renouveler les chambres l&#233;gislatives transform&#233;es en &#233;lections internes simultan&#233;es et obligatoires, les bombardements m&#233;diatiques des moyens de communication et le manque d'une alternative unifi&#233;e des forces populaires pour le rejet de ces &#233;lections truqu&#233;es d'avance ont facilit&#233; la polarisation et l'utilisation du &#171; vote utile &#187; en faveur des candidats du r&#233;gime pendant ces &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles. Avec les &#233;lections du 27 avril et le futur ballottage, le centre-gauche a l&#233;gitim&#233; ce r&#233;gime qui n'apporte que faim, mis&#232;re et r&#233;pression et l'a sauv&#233; pour le moment d'une nouvelle r&#233;bellion populaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ces &#233;lections font partie de la crise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le vote du 27 Avril ne correspond en rien a une recomposition totale du r&#233;gime politique, &#224; la fin des disputes inter-bourgeoises, au retour &#224; la &#171; normalit&#233; &#187; institutionnelle ou &#224; l'&#233;clipse sans peine ni gloire du mouvement social n&#233; des journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre 2001.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ces &#233;lections pr&#233;sidentielles n'ont pas &#233;t&#233; une solution structurelle &#224; la crise. La caract&#233;ristique principale de cette &#233;lection, c'est justement la d&#233;composition politique des partis traditionnels, divis&#233;s en fractions et sous fractions, voir m&#234;me la mort clinique pour un de ces partis&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Il s'agit de la centenaire Union Civique Radicale (UCR), la seconde jambe du (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; . Le p&#233;ronisme, divis&#233; en trois branches, deux d'entre elles &#233;tant irr&#233;conciliables, exprime plus qu'une simple dispute de chefs pour la direction de l'appareil du parti et des fonds &#233;tatiques. Cette situation repr&#233;sente la crise finale des vieux partis du r&#233;gime, corrompus jusqu'&#224; la moelle et transform&#233;s en g&#233;rants directs du FMI et des grands entrepreneurs se disputant le si&#232;ge pour continuer &#227; g&#233;rer le pillage effr&#233;n&#233; du secteur public.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En m&#234;me temps, les &#233;lections ont r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; que les disputes au sein du pouvoir &#233;conomique restent f&#233;roces. Le d&#233;bat autour du &#171; mod&#232;le &#187; des ann&#233;es 90 soutenu par Menem et Lopez Murphi ou &#171; du mod&#232;le de production et du travail &#187; soutenu par Krichner, exprime les disputes entre les diff&#233;rentes fractions &#233;conomiques qui d'un cot&#233; repr&#233;sentent les banques &#233;trang&#232;res, les entreprises privatis&#233;es et les grandes multinationales et celles qui repr&#233;sentent les grands groupes locaux qui ont impuls&#233; la politique de &#171; d&#233;valuation &#187; et qui ont vu leurs dettes converties en pesos par Duhalde et Lavagna&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Ministre de l'&#233;conomie de Duhalde, confirm&#233; dans ses fonctions par (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette guerre entre les diff&#233;rentes fractions de la bourgeoisie sera un facteur de d&#233;stabilisation &#233;conomique et de chantage politique, comme nous l'avons vu le lundi suivant les &#233;lections et le &#171; vote chant&#233; &#187; de la bourse.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le FMI, qui a ouvert son bureau permanent dans notre pays, et malgr&#233; certains d&#233;saccords, se chargera d'imposer un nouvel ajustement fiscal, et des coupes sombres dans le secteur de la sant&#233; et de l'&#233;ducation et la privatisation de la banque publique. Un point sur lequel ils sont d'accord c'est sur le maintien de &#171; l'avantage comp&#233;titif &#187; de la bourgeoisie argentine et de salaires &#171; africanis&#233;s &#187; garantis par la f&#233;roce d&#233;valuation et un ch&#244;mage record.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fragmentation des classes moyennes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le plus remarquable de ces &#233;lections c'est qu'elles ont r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; une fragmentation politique et sociale qui n'a pas &#233;t&#233; aussi tangible au cours des mois qui suivirent les journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre 2001. A ce moment l&#224; , on aurait pu croire que les forces de droite &#8220;avaient disparu&#8221;. Le &#171; bloc de d&#233;cembre &#187; qui r&#233;unissait tous ceux qui avaient affronter le gouvernement moribond de De La R&#250;a au sein d'une alliance atypique et h&#233;t&#233;rog&#232;ne allait des classes moyennes sup&#233;rieures qui &#233;taient sorties manifester avec leurs 4x4 pour le remboursement de leurs dollars aux ch&#244;meurs et aux masses appauvries qui saccag&#232;rent les supermarch&#233;s en passant par les classes moyennes ruin&#233;es et les salari&#233;s urbains qui cr&#233;&#232;rent les assembl&#233;es populaires et par les ouvriers qui face &#224; la crise ont mis &#227; produire leur usines vou&#233;es &#224; la fermeture.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette alliance qui s'est empar&#233;e du slogan &#8220;Qu'ils s'en aillent tous&#8221;, s'est d&#233;chir&#233;e et a engendr&#233; une polarisation social et politique. Les classes moyennes sup&#233;rieures ont donn&#233; leur appui essentiellement &#227; L&#243;pez Murphy qui essaiera apr&#232;s son &#233;lection de mettre en place l'expression politique partisane de la &#171; droite moderne &#187; (parti bourgeois &#233;pur&#233; de toute rh&#233;torique populiste caract&#233;ristiques historiques du PJ et de l'UCR), li&#233;e &#224; l'Ambassade des USA et aux lobbies des grandes transnationales. La classe moyenne, base historique du le centre gauche, a essaim&#233; ses voix. Elisa Carrio a fait tout son possible, en commen&#231;ant par prendre comme vice pr&#233;sident le conservateur Guti&#233;rrez, pour se prs&#233;enter comme une alternative acceptable pour l'establishment &#233;conomique. Une autre partie des classes moyennes a vot&#233; Krichner en tant que &#171; moindre mal &#187; ou pour conserver la pr&#233;caire &#171; stabilit&#233; &#187; duhaldiste. Le vote des classes moyennes s'est fragment&#233; par secteurs stratifi&#233;s de classe, un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne qui se d&#233;veloppe gr&#226;ce au naufrage historique de l'UCR (et de l'Alliance&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Formule &#233;lectorale de l'UCR et du non moins d&#233;funt Frepaso de Chacho Alvarez (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) qui contenait en son sein tout ces fractions sociales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les voix de la classe laborieuse se repartissent entre les candidats p&#233;ronistes et Elisa Carrio et une grande partie des masses urbaines appauvries, des ch&#244;meurs et des couches les plus basses ont gonfl&#233; les scores de Menem et Rodriguez Sa&#225;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O&#249; est pass&#233; le &#8220;Vote Ras-le-Bol&#8221; d'Octobre 2001&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A l'occasion des &#233;lections l&#233;gislatives.&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le vote &#171; ras-le-bol &#187; des classes moyennes est all&#233; aux diff&#233;rents candidats tout comme se sont elles qui ont aliment&#233; majoritairement ce vote lorsqu'elles ont fini d'&#234;tre d&#233;&#231;ues par &#171; leur &#187; propre gouvernement de l'Alliance qui les a amen&#233; &#227; un vide politique et les a pouss&#233; &#227; manifester &#8211;contre le &#8216;Corralito' et l'Etat de si&#232;ge- dans les rues avec les masses les plus pauvres. Les 12% de Zamora dans la Capitale et les 7% de IU [d'octobre 2001] repr&#233;sentent le m&#234;me ph&#233;nom&#232;ne qui a augment&#233; ces courants petit-bourgeois ou le &#8216;vote utile'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce &#171; bloc de d&#233;cembre &#187; &#233;tait destin&#233; &#227; se diviser &#227; gauche comme &#227; droite suivant une logique in&#233;vitable de classe. C'est ce que nous soutenons depuis d&#233;cembre 2001 et c'est pourquoi nous nous sommes refus&#233;s &#227; nous joindre aux analyses &#171; joyeuses &#187; de nombreux courants de gauche qui ne voyaient que des &#171; situations r&#233;volutionnaires qui s'approfondissaient &#187; sans aucune contradiction ni ruptures de clase &#227; droite ou &#227; gauche.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme la classe laborieuse n'a pas &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;sente lors des journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre et durant les mois qui suivirent (sauf quelques &#171; petits bataillons &#187; dans les usines occup&#233;es), les classes moyennes qui oscillent historiquement entre les deux classes fondamentales de la soci&#233;t&#233; moderne &#8211; la bourgeoisie et le prol&#233;tariat- n'ont pu &#234;tre une force sociale dirigeante apte &#227; assurer l'alliance ouvri&#232;re et populaire. La classe laborieuse, terroris&#233;e par le ch&#244;mage de masse et la dictature polici&#232;re des bureaucraties syndicales, est rest&#233; l'otage des diverses fractions patronales et surtout de son aile &#171; d&#233;valuationniste &#187; Ainsi, les secteurs des couches moyennes qui furent les plus dynamiques depuis les journ&#233;es de d&#233;cembre se sont fragment&#233;es et ont fini par appuyer politiquement les fractions bourgeoises ou petites bourgeoises qui les ont recentr&#233; vers un vote de soutien au r&#233;gime bourgeois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Notre parti a employ&#233; ses forces &#227; d&#233;velopper une t&#226;che moins &#171; &#233;vidente &#187; et plus difficile qui est celle d'&#233;tablir un travail syst&#233;matique au sein de la clase travailleuse et de s'adresser &#227; son avant-garde afin de concr&#233;tiser la n&#233;cessit&#233; de la plus ample unit&#233; ouvri&#232;re et populaire bas&#233;e sur la constitution de coordinations et d'organisme d'auto-organisation d&#233;mocratique de masse.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette alliance ouvri&#232;re et populaire qui pousserait les classes moyennes vers la voie r&#233;volutionnaire n'est possible qu'&#224; condition que la classe travailleuse entre en action sur la sc&#232;ne nationale avec ses propres revendications, ses propres m&#233;thodes de lutte. L'unit&#233; de fa&#231;ade des &#171; piquetes &#187; et des &#171; casseroles &#187; a &#233;t&#233; transform&#233;e en strat&#233;gie par la plus grande partie de l'extr&#234;me gauche.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les bureaucraties syndicales (CGT et CTA) ont tout fait pour emp&#234;cher une v&#233;ritable unit&#233; ouvri&#232;re et populaire. Il en est de m&#234;me pour toutes les forces qui se r&#233;clament de la classe ouvri&#232;re et qui se disent r&#233;volutionnaires. Elles se sont refus&#233; &#227; toute strat&#233;gie visant &#227; assurer l'organisation des millions de salari&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le PTS a d&#233;nonc&#233; le danger qui existait &#227; r&#233;duire les expressions de lutte &#227; une simple revendication corporative qui in&#233;vitablement entra&#238;nerait vers un syndicalisme impuissant parmi les travailleurs et une subordination sup&#233;rieure &#224; l'Etat major bourgeois d&#251; &#224; la politique d'assistanat&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les &#171; planes jefes y jefas de hogar &#187; de Duhalde.&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; mise en place au sein des mouvements de ch&#244;meurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cependant, l'existence continue d'une avant garde de lutte est indiscutable. Le revitalisation des assembl&#233;es populaires de Buenos Aires &#227; partir du conflit de l'usine Brukman, le front unique du 1er Mai, le processus de r&#233;cup&#233;ration de syndicats et de commissions internes comme &#227; Pepsico Snack &#8211; processus lent mais continu- sont des &#233;l&#233;ments qui indiquent que le mouvement n&#233; en d&#233;cembre n'est pas d&#233;fait. Ce qui se passe c'est que l'avant-garde manque cruellement d'une direction r&#233;volutionnaire et reste sur la d&#233;fensive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Un r&#233;formisme d&#233;concert&#233;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tous ceux qui aujourd'hui appellent &#227; voter Krichner contre Menem, les courants r&#233;formistes comme la CTA et le centre gauche qui a d&#233;sert&#233; le Frepaso, ont montr&#233; une incapacit&#233; organique &#227; prendre la t&#234;te des aspirations populaires. Ceci s'est traduit par leur impossibilit&#233; &#227; obtenir une ti&#232;de &#233;lection r&#233;novant tous les mandats, &#227; tous les &#233;chelons et &#227; donner vie &#224; leur propre projet de capitalisation &#224; la suite de la victoire du PT br&#233;silien &#227; travers un &#171; Mouvement Politique et Social &#187;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Nous savons aujourd'hui ce qu'est leur MPS : la reconstruction de &#171; l'Alliance des origines &#187; avec Anibal Ibarra&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Premier magistrat de la capitale.&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les dirigeants syndicaux p&#233;ronistes qui sont divis&#233;s entre les trois listes vont certainement se r&#233;aligner apr&#232;s le ballottage en fonction du gagnant. Il n'en est pas moins vrai que les leaders officiels n'ont jamais &#233;t&#233; aussi faibles et ont autant manqu&#233; de prestige.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les divisions entre les fractions bourgeoises, leur incapacit&#233; &#227; conqu&#233;rir de larges franges de la population, la fragmentation politique, la crise des partis traditionnels et des syndicats sont des &#233;l&#233;ments qui favoriseront le d&#233;veloppement d'un mouvement ouvrier ind&#233;pendant, la r&#233;cup&#233;ration de nouveaux syndicats, la construction d'organismes de d&#233;mocratie directe et la construction d'un outil politique propre &#224; la classe laborieuse.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Un contrepoint face &#227; la farce &#233;lectorale : Le &#171; Qu'ils s'en aillent tous &#187; de Brukman&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En pleine campagne &#233;lectorale des L&#243;pez Murphy, des Menem et des Kirchner, les h&#233;ro&#239;ques ouvri&#232;res de Brukman ont re&#231;u, &#224; la suite de la r&#233;pression polici&#232;re, un &#233;norme appui de la part des assembl&#233;es populaires, des travailleurs et des ch&#244;meurs et la sympathie de larges franges de la population de la Capitale faisant revivre le &#171; qu'ils s'en aillent tous &#187;. Le r&#233;sultat du 27 avril n'a pas chang&#233; ces conditions. Ceci signifie que les batailles de la classe ouvri&#232;re, si elles ont un programme clair, peuvent provoquer l'enthousiasme et offrir &#227; toutes les masses populaires une cause pour laquelle se battre ce qu'aucun parti ou candidat du r&#233;gime n'a pu faire lors des &#233;lections du 27. Les ouvri&#232;res de Brukman ont &#233;t&#233; appuy&#233;es par le mouvement ouvrier et populaire car elles repr&#233;sentent un exemple de lutte et l'int&#233;r&#234;t de millions de travailleurs argentins qui souffrent d'une maladie sociale et end&#233;mique du capitalisme avec un taux de ch&#244;mage sup&#233;rieur &#227; 25% et une sous-occupation impressionnante.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'Alliance ouvri&#232;re et populaire exprim&#233;e dans les rues de la Capitale quelques jours avant les &#233;lections autour du conflit de Brukman doit maintenant s'exprimer comme une force politique ind&#233;pendante qui donne une cause pour laquelle lutter &#227; des millions d'exploit&#233;s. Arm&#233;e d'un programme et d'une strat&#233;gie r&#233;volutionnaire, notre classe travailleuse qui a livr&#233; des batailles m&#233;morables dans l'histoire nationale et qui commence &#227; resurgir sous de nouvelles conditions et un nouveau programme, sera invincible.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;*Article publi&#233; pour la premi&#232;re fois le 30/04/03 dans le num&#233;ro 119 de La Verdad Obrera du PTS.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;IU : Izquierda Unida : Gauche Unie, alliance entre le PC argentin et le MST. PO : Partido Obrero : Parti Ouvrier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Voter avec un bulletin non officiel en signe de protestation (le vote est obligatoire en Argentine).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Du 16 juin 2002. La police a abattu en marge d'une manifestation deux jeunes dirigeants du mouvement piquetero Anibal Ver&#243;n, Dario Santill&#225;n et Maximiliano Kosteki, lan&#231;ant une chasse &#224; l'homme contre les manifestants par la suite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Il s'agit de la centenaire Union Civique Radicale (UCR), la seconde jambe du bipartisme argentin avec le PJ.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Ministre de l'&#233;conomie de Duhalde, confirm&#233; dans ses fonctions par l'ex-gouverneur de Santa Cruz et actuel pr&#233;sident.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Formule &#233;lectorale de l'UCR et du non moins d&#233;funt Frepaso de Chacho Alvarez qui porta De la R&#250;a au pouvoir.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;A l'occasion des &#233;lections l&#233;gislatives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Les &#171; planes jefes y jefas de hogar &#187; de Duhalde.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Premier magistrat de la capitale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="es">
		<title>Crisis de dominio burgu&#233;s: reforma o revoluci&#243;n en Argentina</title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Crisis-de-dominio-burgues-reforma</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Crisis-de-dominio-burgues-reforma</guid>
		<dc:date>2003-02-01T03:32:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>es</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino, Manolo Romano</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Am&#233;rica Latina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Argentina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica</dc:subject>

		<description>

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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Jornadas-Revolucionarias-en" rel="directory"&gt;Jornadas Revolucionarias en Argentina&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/America-Latina" rel="tag"&gt;Am&#233;rica Latina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Politica" rel="tag"&gt;Pol&#237;tica&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Argentina-100" rel="tag"&gt;Argentina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/9-Lucha-de-clases-en-Latinoamerica" rel="tag"&gt;9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="es">
		<title>Un balance de las estrategias pol&#237;ticas en la izquierda</title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Un-balance-de-las-estrategias-politicas-en-la-izquierda</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Un-balance-de-las-estrategias-politicas-en-la-izquierda</guid>
		<dc:date>2003-01-01T23:07:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>es</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Am&#233;rica Latina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Argentina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Introducci&#243;n &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Dec&#237;amos en el n&#250;mero anterior de Estrategia Internacional que la situaci&#243;n argentina estaba caracterizada por una crisis de hegemon&#237;a burguesa, las instituciones pol&#237;ticas del r&#233;gimen cuestionadas por las masas y una clase dominante surcada por sus disputas internas. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En esta crisis de proporciones hist&#243;ricas ninguna de las clases y fracciones de clase en conflicto logra alcanzar un triunfo completo sobre las restantes. El cuadro general es una suerte de empate estrat&#233;gico (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/America-Latina,321" rel="directory"&gt;Am&#233;rica Latina &lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/America-Latina" rel="tag"&gt;Am&#233;rica Latina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Politica" rel="tag"&gt;Pol&#237;tica&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Argentina-100" rel="tag"&gt;Argentina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/5-Debates-de-estrategia" rel="tag"&gt;5 Debates de estrategia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/9-Lucha-de-clases-en-Latinoamerica" rel="tag"&gt;9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introducci&#243;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dec&#237;amos en el n&#250;mero anterior de Estrategia Internacional que la situaci&#243;n argentina estaba caracterizada por una crisis de hegemon&#237;a burguesa, las instituciones pol&#237;ticas del r&#233;gimen cuestionadas por las masas y una clase dominante surcada por sus disputas internas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En esta crisis de proporciones hist&#243;ricas ninguna de las clases y fracciones de clase en conflicto logra alcanzar un triunfo completo sobre las restantes. El cuadro general es una suerte de empate estrat&#233;gico que desangra a todos los contendientes y alarga en el tiempo la crisis de poder y el proceso revolucionario en curso, con sus naturales flujos y reflujos. Los viejos partidos del r&#233;gimen se encuentran en crisis y fracturados.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En este marco tienden a estructurarse nuevas constelaciones pol&#237;ticas, podr&#237;amos abusar diciendo &#8220;partidos&#8221;, en el sentido de una &#8220;nomenclatura de clase&#8221; o de fracciones de clase.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El &#8220;partido&#8221; de las finanzas, de los grandes bancos privados y las empresas privatizadas que han quedado a la defensiva luego de la ca&#237;da de De la R&#250;a y la devaluaci&#243;n, est&#225; hoy representada por dos fracciones de los partidos tradicionales en disoluci&#243;n: el Menemismo y L&#243;pez Murphy. El menemismo en particular, que pretende recrear las condiciones ya inexistentes del capitalismo de los '90 se encuentra en una situaci&#243;n de debilidad intr&#237;nseca, porque ya no es confiable para la oligarqu&#237;a nativa ni para el Departamento de Estado norteamericano, sobre todo por el rechazo que alberga en el seno de la sociedad. Pero no habr&#237;a que subestimar a este partido en retirada y a la defensiva, porque prepara a mediano y largo plazo una alternativa bonapartista basada en la derrota de las masas y en un cambio de perspectivas de la econom&#237;a mundial que favorezcan una nueva oleada de inversiones de capital, privatizaciones y una integraci&#243;n mayor a la econom&#237;a mundial bajo el modelo del Alca. Apoyado en la demagogia de la estabilidad no deja de tener apoyo en ciertos estratos empobrecidos de la poblaci&#243;n, en el seno del PJ, y conserva cierto poder de fuego, tanto en las instituciones del r&#233;gimen como la Corte Suprema, el Congreso, y tambi&#233;n porque puede ser utilizado por la administraci&#243;n norteamericana y la gran burgues&#237;a financiera local como instrumento de chantaje y presi&#243;n sobre las fracciones m&#225;s beneficiadas por la devaluaci&#243;n y el nuevo esquema capitalista. A pesar de esto la correlaci&#243;n de fuerzas sociales y pol&#237;ticas le es desfavorable y lo ha dejado reducido a ser por el momento una oposici&#243;n minoritaria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El segundo &#8220;partido&#8221; es el de los devaluadores, los pesificadores, los exportadores y ciertos grupos empresarios basados en el mercado dom&#233;stico. A pesar de las agudas disputas que este conjunto heterog&#233;neo de sectores sostiene con el primer partido, sin embargo mantiene con &#233;l un acuerdo estrat&#233;gico basado en dos puntos: la disminuci&#243;n sustancial del salario real y la licuaci&#243;n de las deudas privadas con acreedores del exterior que ascienden en total a m&#225;s de 60 mil millones de d&#243;lares. El rescate estatal de las deudas y la rebaja del valor de la fuerza de trabajo por la v&#237;a inflacionaria son un requisito para recomponer las ganancias y comenzar un nuevo ciclo expansivo. Sin embargo las fricciones y los roces son evidentes. Este conglomerado lo componen la fracci&#243;n duhaldista del PJ hoy en el gobierno, los residuos de la UCR, la burocracia sindical peronista tanto la de Daer como la de Moyano que fueron adalides de las virtudes de la devaluaci&#243;n, la nueva formaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de Rodr&#237;guez Sa&#225; e intelectuales como los del Plan F&#233;nix. Este mosaico heterog&#233;neo comparte la idea de un neodesarrollismo basado en las exportaciones y las barreras proteccionistas que naturalmente ha levantado la devaluaci&#243;n de la moneda. El triunfo de Lula en Brasil es un aliciente para restablecer el Mercosur, ampliar la frontera exportable y negociar en mejores condiciones con el FMI. No es verdad que los organismos de cr&#233;dito sean adversarios de este esquema. Al rev&#233;s, el FMI vino insistiendo con la devaluaci&#243;n, porque el estrangulamiento de la convertibilidad dio paso a un esquema de exportaciones y super&#225;vit comercial y de divisas, parecido al esquema de los '80, que permitan reanudar los pagos de la deuda externa y comprar a precio de remate los activos hoy subvaluados por parte de capitales norteamericanos. Bajo las banderas de la &#8220;producci&#243;n y el trabajo&#8221; la fracci&#243;n m&#225;s fuerte hoy en el gobierno cre&#243; expectativas de una recuperaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica, y mediante ciertos instrumentos de pol&#237;tica monetaria mantuvo el control del d&#243;lar y la inflaci&#243;n evitando por el momento la prolongaci&#243;n del elemento catastr&#243;fico de la econom&#237;a que fue el motor del levantamiento de diciembre, constituyendo de fondo un inestable y precario equilibrio, postergando los problemas m&#225;s agudos hacia adelante (deuda externa, reestructuraci&#243;n bancaria, etc.) y frenando moment&#225;neamente las perspectivas de nuevas acciones de masas. La restricci&#243;n fundamental con que se encuentra este sector para afianzar un nuevo patr&#243;n de acumulaci&#243;n es la relaci&#243;n de fuerzas con las masas que se expresa en primer lugar como deslegitimaci&#243;n descomunal de todo el r&#233;gimen pol&#237;tico, las disputas a su interior y la propia crisis mundial. A&#250;n as&#237; la &#8220;patria devaluadora&#8221; no lograr&#225; superar, sino m&#225;s bien reproducir&#225; la especificidad hist&#243;rica restringida de la acumulaci&#243;n de capital, s&#243;lo que partir&#225; de una base m&#225;s contra&#237;da a&#250;n, que preservar&#225; la poblaci&#243;n obrera desempleada, un salario por debajo de su valor y una Argentina dualizada. El discurso de su ala izquierda como el Plan F&#233;nix de distribuci&#243;n de la riqueza y fortalecimiento por esa v&#237;a del mercado interno, una especie de vuelta atr&#225;s en la historia a la Argentina de hace 30 o 50 a&#241;os es literalmente imposible sobre las bases mismas del r&#233;gimen capitalista actual. El ARI comparte sus presupuestos y podr&#237;amos decir que es una bisagra entre este grupo y el neoreformismo de la CTA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Efectivamente a la izquierda del partido devaluador se halla la CTA en estrecha relaci&#243;n con el ARI en el seno del Frenapo. Este tercer proyecto de partido reformista est&#225; basado en los mismos preceptos que los devaluadores y que no se distingui&#243; de esta medida m&#225;s que por la &#8220;forma&#8221; abrupta de aplicarla y no por su contenido confiscador. Sus coincidencias con el Plan F&#233;nix no debieran sorprender, porque el programa del afianzamiento del Mercosur, del mercado interno y de la v&#237;a exportable para negociar con el FMI son presupuestos compartidos. No es casualidad que el saludo de Lula al &#250;ltimo congreso de la CTA realizado en Mar del Plata hiciera hincapi&#233; en su deseo y convicci&#243;n de que los &#8220;trabajadores argentinos&#8221; luchar&#225;n por fortalecer y afianzar el Mercosur. En la peculiar visi&#243;n de la direcci&#243;n de la CTA sobre la &#8220;crisis de hegemon&#237;a&#8221; la clase trabajadora est&#225; llamada a constituir con sectores de la clase dominante un nuevo &#8220;bloque de poder&#8221; como Lula lo ha realizado con sectores de la patronal brasilera. La base social de este proyecto son los trabajadores estatales y docentes. Su tal&#243;n de Aquiles es sin duda su escasa o nula inserci&#243;n entre los asalariados del sector privado, sin los cuales no es posible participar activamente en el seno de un nuevo &#8220;bloque de poder&#8221;. De todos modos no se deber&#237;a subestimar sus fuerzas. Sobre todo porque le juega a favor el enorme desprestigio de la burocracia sindical peronista y la crisis y eventual ruptura de dicho partido; porque es la central menos desprestigiada en el sentimiento de las grandes masas y porque su reclamo de una distribuci&#243;n m&#225;s equitativa de la renta nacional y su oposici&#243;n al &#8220;neoliberalismo&#8221; es naturalmente bien vista por amplias franjas de la poblaci&#243;n; y por &#250;ltimo por el apoyo pol&#237;tico que cuentan por parte del PT de Brasil. Su programa neo desarrollista-neo reformista atrae incluso a los mao&#237;stas del PCR-CCC y a corrientes pol&#237;ticas que actuando en el seno de la nueva vanguardia y los movimientos sociales se inclinan estrat&#233;gicamente hacia su &#243;rbita, como es el caso del PC cada vez m&#225;s neokeynesiano, Patria Libre o los innumerables grupos que se reivindican &#8220;nacionalistas revolucionarios&#8221;. Todos ellos inscriben su estrategia en la colaboraci&#243;n de clases, la &#8220;liberaci&#243;n nacional&#8221; como etapa independiente de la revoluci&#243;n socialista y vienen compartiendo con la direcci&#243;n de la CTA cargos de direcci&#243;n en la central o participan de sus agrupaciones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo la pol&#237;tica reformista de la CTA ha sido cuestionada y rechazada por una amplia franja de activistas que est&#225;n a su izquierda. Son miles de militantes de los m&#225;s diversos movimientos sociales, de las agrupaciones de desocupados que no han entrado a los consejos consultivos, de nuevos activistas antiburocr&#225;ticos en diversos sindicatos, de las f&#225;bricas ocupadas que se enfrentan a la pol&#237;tica progubernamental de Caro y MNER (Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas), de las Asambleas Populares que rechazaron su integraci&#243;n a los CGP (Centros de Gesti&#243;n y Participaci&#243;n) de An&#237;bal Ibarra, de militantes de los derechos humanos, de movimientos art&#237;sticos, de agrupaciones estudiantiles, etc. que fueron los protagonistas de la multiplicidad de luchas y movimientos de todo tipo que se fueron dando durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o y que culmin&#243;, a pesar de un retroceso importante en las asambleas populares, en el acto de Plaza de Mayo a un a&#241;o de las jornadas de diciembre. Con el reflujo de las luchas de masas las variantes neoreformistas tienden a fortalecerse. Pero a&#250;n as&#237; la persistencia de esta amplia franja militante es la que ha obligado a la CTA a tomarla en cuenta y a disputar con ella la representaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de los nuevos fen&#243;menos sociales y del descontento de amplias franjas de la poblaci&#243;n con el gobierno y el r&#233;gimen actual.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Es en este amplio abanico de las nuevas fuerzas militantes en Argentina, donde participan las diversas corrientes de izquierda, populistas, autonomistas, movimientos de desocupados de distinto tipo, etc. el que constituye en su todo heterog&#233;neo el cuarto &#8220;partido&#8221;, expresi&#243;n m&#225;s social que pol&#237;tica del levantamiento de diciembre y de los nuevos sectores activistas de trabajadores ocupados y desocupados, clases medias empobrecidas y diversos estratos populares.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Los cuatro sectores que hemos definido son esencialmente transitorios, como lo es la propia situaci&#243;n nacional, surcados por m&#250;ltiples desgarramientos y luchas pol&#237;ticas a su interior, demostrativa de que a&#250;n no se ha alcanzado una combinaci&#243;n de fracciones y partidos que prevalezcan sobre los restantes y tiendan a expandir sus propios intereses como intereses generales del conjunto social.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En el seno de la vanguardia militante existe hoy una disputa de car&#225;cter estrat&#233;gico por cu&#225;l ser&#225; la combinaci&#243;n de clases, partidos y programas que representar&#225;n los intereses hist&#243;ricos de la clase trabajadora y los sectores populares. Cu&#225;l ser&#225; la fuerza social que hegemonizar&#225; a las restantes capas oprimidas y qu&#233; tipo de partido deber&#225; construirse. La unidad en la lucha y la organizaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica de la vanguardia es un prerrequisito para potenciarla como un polo de referencia frente a las masas y para someter los programas y las estrategias partidarias a la luz de la vanguardia, pero no es la unidad pol&#237;tica misma.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La fragmentaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica e ideol&#243;gica es inevitable al inicio del proceso y cuando a&#250;n las masas no han librado batallas decisivas. Pero en el seno de lo que figurativamente podr&#237;amos denominar &#8220;cuarto partido&#8221; la heterogeneidad pol&#237;tica e ideol&#243;gica est&#225; complementada con el hecho de que al no haber irrumpido un movimiento de masas independiente y radicalizado, la vanguardia es m&#225;s vol&#225;til y su potencial representaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica carece tanto de una base social que la proyecte a la lucha por el poder, como de la idea misma de la revoluci&#243;n socialista y de la construcci&#243;n de un partido revolucionario de la clase trabajadora. No hay partido revolucionario sin un movimiento revolucionario de masas real. Esta cuesti&#243;n evidente es sin embargo terreno de controversias en el seno de las corrientes de izquierda.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pero lo que es un hecho indiscutible es que Argentina ha sido un verdadero laboratorio donde se han puesto a prueba las distintas teor&#237;as, programas y estrategias que se han forjado en la etapa previa y que en parte se sometieron al test &#225;cido de la lucha de clases en el nuevo per&#237;odo abierto. Aunque todav&#237;a el proceso argentino est&#225; en curso y lejos a&#250;n de definirse, a un a&#241;o del levantamiento popular es necesario hacer un balance exhaustivo tanto de la din&#225;mica en curso como de los programas y estrategias que han entrado en colisi&#243;n. Si las masas que a&#250;n no han entrado en actividad presumiblemente lo har&#225;n en el pr&#243;ximo per&#237;odo, de las conclusiones que pueda extraer la vanguardia, de su capacidad para asimilarlas revolucionariamente y en consecuencia para influir con ellas en el seno de las masas, depender&#225; en gran parte el futuro del proceso revolucionario.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;El sentido com&#250;n de los nuevos movimientos sociales&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En el seno del activismo pol&#237;tico, que en el curso de un a&#241;o se vio fortalecido con el florecimiento de un nuevo estrato militante y politizado, han ganado terreno las ideas, heterog&#233;neas sin duda, del llamado autonomismo, un fen&#243;meno que no se ha restringido al &#225;mbito nacional, sino que ha cobrado influencia en el plano internacional, donde las ideas de Toni Negri, de Paolo Virno y tambi&#233;n de otras vertientes como la de John Holloway han ampliado, sobre todo en el seno del movimiento anticapitalista, su radio de influencia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Corrientes tan heterog&#233;neas como la de algunos MTD del Gran Bs. As., agrupaciones estudiantiles independientes, movimientos pol&#237;ticos como el que encabeza Luis Zamora, y una pl&#233;yade de activistas de Asambleas Populares, movimientos sociales de distintas caracter&#237;sticas coinciden con sus planteos aunque en muchos casos no se reivindiquen o no conozcan a los referentes autonomistas, han encontrado en las coordenadas te&#243;ricas y pol&#237;ticas de sus diversas tendencias una gu&#237;a de acci&#243;n. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
El car&#225;cter espont&#225;neo del movimiento originado en las Jornadas de diciembre, el car&#225;cter asambleario y ciudadano que cobr&#243; el movimiento de las asambleas populares, el ejercicio en amplios sectores de la democracia directa y la autoorganizaci&#243;n, la conquista de espacios p&#250;blicos, y la deliberaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica, por un lado, y la forma en que se dieron las jornadas m&#225;s all&#225; y por sobre las organizaciones tradicionales ya sea de las distintas vertientes sindicales o incluso de la mayor&#237;a de los movimientos de desocupados, el predominio casi absoluto de las capas medias por sobre los millones de asalariados en los meses que le siguieron, dieron la impresi&#243;n, sin dudas, y fortalecieron en el sentido com&#250;n de una amplia franja del activismo, de que los nuevos procesos descritos por las corrientes autonomistas, las estrategias pol&#237;ticas y los medios que se propusieron, respond&#237;an, en contraposici&#243;n a las corrientes de izquierda, m&#225;s acertadamente al curso hist&#243;rico del proceso argentino.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;El estado y la revoluci&#243;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Un concepto central de los autonomistas es el de contrapoder, aqu&#233;l que se ejerce no como oposici&#243;n al poder dominante, sino alternativamente a &#233;l. As&#237; este contrapoder no se propone destruir el estado burgu&#233;s y tomar el poder, estrategia que enarbolan &#8220;las viejas organizaciones tradicionales de la izquierda&#8221; sino emancipar a la sociedad mediante los recursos propios e inmanentes del contrapoder que se construye. Lo que estas teor&#237;as tienen en com&#250;n es que m&#225;s all&#225; de las denominaciones y categor&#237;as que se utilicen, las potencias que se oponen a la dominaci&#243;n en cualquier sentido que se le entienda, no deben &#8220;instituirse&#8221; o cristalizarse en un nuevo poder a condici&#243;n de perder su autonom&#237;a y su potencia liberadora en un nuevo poder dominante y opresivo. Para los autonomistas el problema no es la extinci&#243;n del estado, que deviene como expresi&#243;n de las nuevas relaciones mundiales globalizadas mediante el Imperio, sino el proceso por el cual el poder de la multitud, o del contrapoder van afirm&#225;ndose en su comunismo presente, aqu&#237; y ahora, en el juego inmanente de esa multitud.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Argentina, en este sentido ha sido un test &#225;cido, para saber si estos conceptos pueden responder a situaciones concretas de crisis e irrupci&#243;n de masas, porque fue justamente en la din&#225;mica del proceso argentino que el autonomismo descubri&#243; el poder de la multitud y las nuevas formas de &#8220;subjetividad&#8221;. De all&#237; que uno de los preceptos m&#225;s importantes fue la de rechazar la lucha por el poder del estado. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Pero en un pa&#237;s en el que todas las relaciones jur&#237;dico pol&#237;ticas han sido trastocadas, en donde las fracciones burguesas establecen una disputa desenfrenada por el reparto de los despojos, en donde se ha establecido un abismo entre las masas confiscadas y empobrecidas y las instituciones pol&#237;ticas del r&#233;gimen, en conclusi&#243;n, en una sociedad polarizada y un r&#233;gimen social carente de hegemon&#237;a, el problema del poder pol&#237;tico se plantea en toda su agudeza, no porque est&#233; al alcance de la mano de una clase trabajadora todav&#237;a incapaz de conquistarlo, sino porque el debilitamiento agudo del poder burgu&#233;s presenta ante el conjunto de las clases la cuesti&#243;n de qui&#233;n lo detenta y qui&#233;n debe detentarlo. Oponerse, en estas circunstancias, a establecer las premisas para que maduren las condiciones de su realizaci&#243;n no puede equivaler m&#225;s que a facilitar la recomposici&#243;n del r&#233;gimen y a reforzar el comando capitalista.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El resultado inmediato de la estrategia autonomista ha sido la incapacidad intr&#237;nseca, de car&#225;cter antipol&#237;tico, de responder a las maniobras inevitables del r&#233;gimen. Porque en la realidad material de la lucha de clases el poder act&#250;a y lucha con todos sus recursos. La din&#225;mica del proceso real desde las jornadas de diciembre a esta parte es un ment&#237;s definitivo al apoliticismo autonomista. Aunque por el momento persiste una grave crisis sist&#233;mica, el gobierno ha logrado, mediante la demagogia y los planes sociales, detener nuevos levantamientos del hambre aislando a la vanguardia piquetera de los millones de desocupados; tuvo un relativo &#233;xito al amortiguar el elemento catastr&#243;fico de la econom&#237;a que fue el motor del levantamiento de diciembre, descargando mediante la devaluaci&#243;n de la moneda la crisis sobre los asalariados y las masas pobres; rescat&#243; a fracciones capitalistas endeudadas, impidi&#243; la quiebra generalizada de los bancos y conserva el poder en una transici&#243;n cr&#237;tica, convulsionada e incierta, pero manteniendo en pie las viejas instituciones pol&#237;ticas a pesar de la exigencia de que se vayan todos. Las direcciones sindicales completamente desprestigiadas conservaron su poder y amordazaron a la clase trabajadora ayudados por el terror a la desocupaci&#243;n, y los nuevos fen&#243;menos militantes que surgieron en estos meses no s&#243;lo no han podido expandirse, sino que se encuentran, a pesar de su fortaleza, m&#225;s aislados que en los primeros meses que le siguieron a la crisis en el caso de las asambleas populares y m&#225;s subordinados en su relaci&#243;n con el estado en el caso del movimiento piquetero.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#191;C&#243;mo es posible entender esta dial&#233;ctica sino es ancl&#225;ndose en la f&#243;rmula marxista de que si la clase dominante no es despojada del poder estatal, tarde o temprano volver&#225; a recomponerse y asestar&#225; nuevos golpes y nuevas derrotas a las masas? Por ahora debe hacerlo, en honor a la relaci&#243;n de fuerzas, mediante enga&#241;os y desv&#237;os, pero tarde o temprano se dispondr&#225; a asestar derrotas duraderas. Todav&#237;a los momentos decisivos no han llegado, la clase dominante se encuentra en crisis y dividida. Las grandes masas todav&#237;a no han dado batallas decisivas y persiste una especie de empate catastr&#243;fico. Los tiempos del proceso argentino, por eso mismo, ser&#225;n m&#225;s largos que otros procesos revolucionarios, lo cual da tiempo a la recomposici&#243;n de la clase trabajadora y a la maduraci&#243;n de una vanguardia militante revolucionaria. Pero &#233;sta s&#243;lo puede hacerlo a condici&#243;n de extraer de la experiencia viva de la lucha de clases las conclusiones adecuadas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A pesar de que tanto los reformistas como los revolucionarios son acusados por parte de los autonomistas de estatolatr&#237;a, en realidad, los puntos de contacto entre el movimiento autonomista y el reformismo o el progresismo son evidentes. La madre de todas las coincidencias, es por supuesto, su rechazo a la revoluci&#243;n socialista y al poder obrero y popular.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Los reformistas, como la direcci&#243;n actual de la CTA, tambi&#233;n pretenden &#8220;politizar la sociedad y socializar la pol&#237;tica&#8221;, como no ocultan su aspiraci&#243;n a &#8220;transformar la sociedad&#8221; y al &#8220;cambio social&#8221;, pero no dejan de rechazar el derrocamiento revolucionario de la clase capitalista. Que unos pretendan hacerlo desde el participacionismo en el estado, y otros mediante emprendimientos autogestionarios en el seno de la &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221;, no quita que ambos partan de una coincidencia fundamental, sobre todo en nuestro pa&#237;s, donde la cuesti&#243;n del poder pol&#237;tico no es un simple ejercicio te&#243;rico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Desde el &#225;ngulo opuesto corrientes como el MST o el PC han sido los adalides del &#8220;poder constitu&#237;do&#8221;, ya sea planteando asambleas constituyentes de car&#225;cter constitucional, &#8220;impuestas desde abajo&#8221; pero convocadas desde &#8220;arriba&#8221;, sin que medie el derrocamiento revolucionario del r&#233;gimen, o por su desenfrenado electoralismo. La propuesta del MST de formar un frente electoral con Zamora ya desde el primer semestre del a&#241;o, cuando el planteo de &#8220;que se vayan todos&#8221; arreciaba y la posibilidad de la ca&#237;da del gobierno de Duhalde era cierta y donde al mismo tiempo &#233;ste preparaba salidas ama&#241;adas en los marcos de un proceso que el mismo MST consideraba una &#8220;revoluci&#243;n democr&#225;tica&#8221;, mostr&#243; los l&#237;mites constitucionalistas y electoralistas de IU, que apost&#243; a la &#8220;posibilidad hist&#243;rica&#8221; de tener una gran bancada en el congreso m&#225;s que a las posibilidades revolucionarias que impon&#237;a la situaci&#243;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estado y democracia directa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Coherentes con la caracterizaci&#243;n de que el per&#237;odo actual est&#225; cruzado por una crisis de poder burgu&#233;s, los que reivindicamos el legado del marxismo revolucionario hemos apostado al desarrollo de organismos de democracia directa de la clase trabajadora como embriones de doble poder, es decir como g&#233;rmenes de un nuevo poder, obrero y popular. En estos organismos de democracia obrera no estar&#225;n ausentes elementos de la democracia directa de los ciudadanos, capas enteras de la poblaci&#243;n disgregada, tanto campesina como urbana. El planteo de la alianza obrera y popular, mediante organismos que nucleen a productores y consumidores, a capas diversas de la poblaci&#243;n explotada son un prerrequisito para el triunfo de la revoluci&#243;n. Pero el ejercicio de la democracia directa de car&#225;cter popular no dar&#225; paso a la disoluci&#243;n de la centralidad proletaria en el seno de la &#8220;multitud ciudadana&#8221;, sino al rev&#233;s, permitir&#225; a &#233;stas incorporarse al torrente, no sin contradicciones, de la revoluci&#243;n proletaria. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La enorme explosi&#243;n ciudadana que sobrevino a la ruptura de las capas medias con el gobierno de la Alianza y los acontecimientos de diciembre, son un claro indicio que por su peso social, econ&#243;mico y cultural, todos estos estratos sociales heterog&#233;neos tender&#225;n hist&#243;ricamente a irrumpir con peso espec&#237;fico en acontecimientos revolucionarios y dar&#225;n origen -y ya lo preanuncian m&#225;s que como embri&#243;n las asambleas populares- a organismos de car&#225;cter territorial, urbano de enorme peso. Es previsible entonces que al comp&#225;s del desarrollo de un movimiento obrero militante en el proceso revolucionario se forjen no s&#243;lo organismos de democracia directa basados en las unidades de producci&#243;n, sino que ser&#225;n acompa&#241;ados de organismos de tipo comunales. La combinaci&#243;n que podr&#225;n darse entre ambos, los tipos espec&#237;ficos de organismos, etc. son cuestiones que la propia din&#225;mica alumbrar&#225;. El surgimiento y desarrollo de las asambleas populares, m&#225;s all&#225; de los vaivenes coyunturales de las mismas, tiene como base enormemente revolucionaria el pase a la oposici&#243;n de las capas medias al r&#233;gimen confiscador, abonando el terreno para la alianza obrera y popular. Alianza que desde el &#250;ltimo ascenso de car&#225;cter revolucionario iniciado con el cordobazo, estuvo bloqueado por la adscripci&#243;n de una u otra clase a los partidos que hist&#243;ricamente se apropiaron de su representaci&#243;n, el radicalismo y el peronismo. La organizaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica territorial, el rechazo a la cooptaci&#243;n estatal y la participaci&#243;n activa en la pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica son la expresi&#243;n de la ruptura con las viejas instituciones pol&#237;ticas de dominio. Pero como esta ruptura fue mucho m&#225;s violenta y consistente en los estratos medios que en el seno de la clase trabajadora, que estuvo ausente de las jornadas y que constituy&#243; el elemento m&#225;s retrasado del per&#237;odo que le sigui&#243;, se elev&#243; hasta la c&#250;spide la ilusi&#243;n de que del mismo seno de las asambleas populares, del mismo ejercicio de la democracia asamblearia podr&#237;a surgir, m&#225;s all&#225; de las determinaciones de clase un nuevo poder en Argentina, independiente tanto de la clase capitalista como de la clase trabajadora. El poder de la democracia directa roussoniana-autonomista, de la sociedad civil, del ciudadano, de la multitud espont&#225;nea y desagregada.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Esta ideolog&#237;a era extensiva, por su car&#225;cter desestructurado y territorial al movimiento de desocupados. &#8220;Piquete y cacerola&#8221; no s&#243;lo expresaba la alianza entre los dos sectores m&#225;s activos y militantes desde las jornadas sino al mismo tiempo en el ideario autonomista la transfiguraci&#243;n del movimiento de desocupados en un movimiento &#8220;ciudadano&#8221; sui generis, autogestivo de su propia vida y de su propia subjetividad, simple expresi&#243;n del contrapoder y superaci&#243;n al mismo tiempo del trabajo asalariado y la ley del valor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pero en la &#8220;sociedad del trabajo&#8221; la democracia asamblearia, sin el control de los medios de producci&#243;n, por m&#225;s directa que sea no puede dejar de ser formal. Porque si alg&#250;n sentido tiene el ejercicio de la democracia de masas, es el de establecer -apropi&#225;ndose de todos los recursos productivos y de la informaci&#243;n- el poder de decisi&#243;n, de planificaci&#243;n, de control, verificaci&#243;n y correcci&#243;n de la reproducci&#243;n de la vida social en su propio beneficio. Los diversos estratos de la poblaci&#243;n disgregada y entre ella la peque&#241;o burgues&#237;a carecen de los grandes medios de producci&#243;n para ejercer ese tipo de democracia. S&#243;lo mediante la expropiaci&#243;n del poder capitalista que emana de las relaciones de producci&#243;n pueden las masas laboriosas, los productores asociados de Marx, ejercer la capacidad plena de decisi&#243;n y producci&#243;n de sus vidas. Nos encontramos entonces con que las potencias para ejercer ese control se hallan pues en el seno de la producci&#243;n capitalista, en las f&#225;bricas, las empresas, las oficinas. Toda huelga, y m&#225;s si se extienden a las ramas fundamentales de la econom&#237;a, cuestiona directamente al capital. Cuando una fracci&#243;n de la clase trabajadora y ni hablar si el movimiento abarca la totalidad del aparato productivo, converge a organizarse en los lugares de trabajo y a coordinarse local y nacionalmente para llevar adelante con mayores posibilidades de &#233;xito una lucha seria contra el capital, tienden a surgir, como lo demostr&#243; toda la experiencia hist&#243;rica, organismos de autodeterminaci&#243;n obrera, consejos de f&#225;brica, comit&#233;s, coordinadoras, y su expresi&#243;n m&#225;s abarcativa los soviet, como en Rusia, que plantean inmediatamente qui&#233;n maneja la econom&#237;a, el poder, el estado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Este proceso estuvo ausente desde las jornadas en adelante, salvo expresiones peque&#241;as y de vanguardia como la coordinadora del Alto Valle impulsada por los Ceramistas de Neuqu&#233;n, y es por ello que al tiempo que marcamos los l&#237;mites que tuvieron las jornadas revolucionarias, a las que llamamos de esa manera y no insurrecci&#243;n o &#8220;revoluci&#243;n&#8221; como caracterizaron otras corrientes, cre&#237;mos improbable que las mismas desemboquen r&#225;pidamente en una nueva y m&#225;s profunda crisis revolucionaria que disloque el poder burgu&#233;s. Pero la carencia de centralidad proletaria en los inicios del proceso, no excluye, sino que confirma por la negativa, que un verdadero contrapoder que sea el germen de la nueva sociedad emancipada s&#243;lo puede estar basado, y mucho m&#225;s en un pa&#237;s urbano y asalariado como la Argentina, en los millones de trabajadores. El autonomismo al carecer de una estrategia proletaria, sovi&#233;tica, revolucionaria, para expandir el movimiento hacia esos millones de trabajadores carece por ello mismo de alguna capacidad para trazar alg&#250;n rumbo anticapitalista a la crisis argentina.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estado y democracia directa en las corrientes que se reivindican obreras y socialistas&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mientras las corrientes autonomistas han ensalzado el ejercicio de la democracia directa y la autogesti&#243;n, tomadas en su calidad puramente &#8220;ciudadana&#8221;, las corrientes pol&#237;ticas como el MST y el PO le han dado la espalda ol&#237;mpicamente a este proceso enormemente progresivo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El PO ha planteado el problema del poder pol&#237;tico, pero inversamente al autonomismo, su &#233;nfasis estuvo dado en los acuerdos pol&#237;ticos de tendencia, pero no para impulsar y potenciar la autoorganizaci&#243;n y la democracia directa de la clase trabajadora, sino como funci&#243;n instrumental para autoproclamarse la direcci&#243;n pol&#237;tica &#8220;de las masas&#8221;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Es sorprendente que partiendo de pron&#243;sticos hiperrevolucionarios, estas corrientes ni mencionen ni establezcan como prioridad incentivar la creaci&#243;n de organismos de estas caracter&#237;sticas. Si el centro de atenci&#243;n es la cuesti&#243;n del poder, &#191;qu&#233; tipo de poder establecer&#225;n las masas? Se ha insistido en que no es posible de manera artificial &#8220;construir&#8221; soviets al margen de la iniciativa y voluntad de las masas. Pero no se trata de inventarlos, sino de descubrir en las tendencias naturales de las masas y de su sector m&#225;s militante los g&#233;rmenes de esa organizaci&#243;n, que permita reunir progresivamente a capas cada vez m&#225;s amplias que nacen a la lucha reivindicativa. La exigencia innata al frente &#250;nico de los diversos sectores en lucha, la necesidad de dotar de unidad a los trabajadores ocupados y desocupados, la amplia solidaridad de las clases medias y las asambleas hacia las f&#225;bricas ocupadas, fueron todos embriones donde descansaba potencialmente la posibilidad de ir construyendo organismos de coordinaci&#243;n, de car&#225;cter democr&#225;tico y representativo, en el plano local y regional, tanto para hacer m&#225;s efectiva la lucha de clases, como lo demostr&#243; la coordinadora neuquina, sino tambi&#233;n para elevar la autoridad y el prestigio de los sectores m&#225;s militantes a los ojos de las masas a&#250;n inactivas. Todo esto, que es el ABC de una genuina pol&#237;tica leninista ha sido completamente abandonado por las corrientes que se reivindican obreras y socialistas. El PO no ha sido capaz de responder esta cuesti&#243;n tan elemental pero decisiva1.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En su &#250;ltimo congreso el PO no nombra ni por asomo qu&#233; tipo de organismos surgir&#225;n, c&#243;mo ayudar a que se desarrollen, etc., excepto que efectivamente se considere que el partido o un frente de partidos puede ser la representaci&#243;n del poder obrero; o que el partido tenga la capacidad, como cre&#237;a el viejo MAS, de incluir en su seno a las organizaciones de masas. En todas las variantes lo que existe es una amalgama entre los potenciales organismos de masas que ser&#225;n el futuro poder de un nuevo estado y el partido como vanguardia pol&#237;tica de esas masas. Esa amalgama est&#225; llevada a su l&#237;mite en las corrientes del movimiento piquetero, que no se organizan regional y nacionalmente con libertad de tendencias a su interior y donde la vanguardia de lucha pueda discernir entre los programas y las estrategias pol&#237;ticas de las diversas corrientes, sino que con la asistencia estatal, se crea una organizaci&#243;n de &#8220;masas&#8221; que no puede sino encuadrarse dentro de la l&#243;gica que cada grupo pol&#237;tico le da al movimiento.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El PO abandon&#243; el &#250;nico intento serio por establecer una coordinadora, la del Alto Valle impulsada por los ceramistas de Neuqu&#233;n, porque esta &#250;ltima no se somet&#237;a a las directivas de la Asamblea Nacional de Trabajadores. La ANT pudo ser un punto de partida para impulsar organismos de este tipo, pero el PO lo impidi&#243;. Esta Asamblea no re&#250;ne m&#225;s que a una minor&#237;a de la vanguardia, que influencia a un sector de los desocupados y a casi ning&#250;n trabajador ocupado. Por otra parte sus delegados no se eligen en forma democr&#225;tica sino por acuerdo de tendencias y all&#237; no prim&#243; justamente la democracia obrera. Recordemos que se lleg&#243; a negarle la palabra a los delegados de Brukman y Zanon &#8220;por no ser convocantes&#8221;, lo cual remite m&#225;s a un frente pol&#237;tico que a una coordinadora y mucho menos a un &#8220;soviet&#8221;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Es evidente entonces que el acuerdo de tendencias piqueteras suplant&#243; el desarrollo de organismos democr&#225;ticos de masas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pero el poder pol&#237;tico, si se lo concibe en los t&#233;rminos socialistas es inseparable de la organismos de democracia directa y de doble poder. &#8220;Como se ha demostrado tantas veces en la historia de las revoluciones obreras, las bases de un nuevo poder pol&#237;tico surgen de abajo hacia arriba, y el mismo tiende a centralizarse a partir de organismos de base locales, capaces de referenciar y agrupar al movimiento de masas. As&#237; sucedi&#243;, entre otros ejemplos, con los soviet de la revoluci&#243;n rusa, en los consejos obreros alemanes, h&#250;ngaros e italianos, en los comit&#233;s de la Espa&#241;a revolucionaria 2&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La lucha por un nuevo tipo de estado implica la tendencia a la eliminaci&#243;n de la divisi&#243;n social del trabajo, la participaci&#243;n activa de millones en la administraci&#243;n del estado y para ello la elevaci&#243;n de la cultura general de las masas populares. S&#243;lo de esta manera es concebible la elevaci&#243;n del proletariado a clase dominante, es decir como sujeto consciente de su propio destino. Pero esta condici&#243;n excepcional no surge de la noche a la ma&#241;ana, se establece desde las v&#237;speras de la revoluci&#243;n, va madurando en el terreno de su propia experiencia, se fecunda mediante la educaci&#243;n pr&#225;ctica y pol&#237;tica que las organizaciones revolucionarias hayan logrado impartir en el curso de la etapa previa y sobre todo se pone a prueba en el ejercicio del poder pol&#237;tico propio ya en la antesala de la revoluci&#243;n, en la dualidad de poderes, ejerciendo el control de las empresas, de la distribuci&#243;n de los alimentos, de la autodefensa y seleccionando en dicho tribunal el programa y la estrategia pol&#237;tica m&#225;s adecuada al progreso de la perspectiva revolucionaria. Sin toda esa experiencia previa el gobierno de los trabajadores no es m&#225;s que una caricatura despreciable y sometida al dominio de una burocracia cada vez m&#225;s independiente de la propia clase trabajadora. La experiencia de las burocracias estalinistas, del ejercicio policial del gobierno por una casta parasitaria colmada de privilegios sociales y pol&#237;ticos, en nombre del &#8220;partido de la clase obrera&#8221;, que terminaron por el camino de la restauraci&#243;n del capitalismo, deber&#237;an ser suficiente ejemplo para que corrientes que se reclaman trotskistas y que han denunciado con ah&#237;nco las degeneraciones burocr&#225;ticas y las persecuciones estalinistas, adopten desde los inicios del proceso revolucionario una estrategia basada en la autoactividad consciente de las masas, en el desarrollo de organismos de democracia directa de los productores, para potenciar la centralidad obrera y permitir que se eleve a clase dirigente de todas las capas sociales explotadas. La sustituci&#243;n de los organismos de masas por el partido, es el indicio m&#225;s claro de una degeneraci&#243;n centrista y burocr&#225;tica, que tiene consecuencias pol&#237;ticas pr&#225;cticas inmediatas, la primera y m&#225;s importante es la de adaptarse al r&#233;gimen burgu&#233;s. Porque imperceptiblemente, cuando de lo que se trata es de fortalecer al partido bajo cualquier circunstancia y m&#225;s all&#225; del progreso de la lucha de clases y la conciencia de clase, se tiende a destruir o boicotear toda organizaci&#243;n que no est&#233; controlada por el partido (el PO y el PC con respecto al Encuentro de f&#225;bricas ocupadas organizado por Brukman y Zanon), se crean organismos artificiales dependientes de la l&#237;nea partidaria contra la vanguardia organizada pero &#8220;rebelde&#8221; (Encuentro de &#8220;f&#225;bricas ocupadas de PO en Grissin&#243;poli sin una s&#243;lo f&#225;brica ocupada a excepci&#243;n de la f&#225;brica anfitriona), se entra en componendas con el estado en pos del fortalecimiento pol&#237;tico o material de la organizaci&#243;n abandonando los m&#233;todos y el programa m&#225;s radicalizados de la lucha a mera propaganda (planes trabajar y bolsas de comida como fin en s&#237; mismo en el movimiento de desocupados)3, y se transforma la pol&#237;tica revolucionaria en politiquer&#237;a burguesa en pos de cargos y puestos parlamentarios, sindicales, estudiantiles, etc. como un fin en s&#237; mismo y no como tribuna revolucionaria (alianza estrat&#233;gica del MST con el PC en IU con el &#250;nico programa com&#250;n de ganar diputados, acuerdos oportunistas de ocasi&#243;n en los sindicatos y en el movimiento estudiantil, cuyo &#250;ltimo cap&#237;tulo ha sido la convocatoria entre Navidad y a&#241;o nuevo al congreso de la FUBA, sin un s&#243;lo estudiante, sin ninguna deliberaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica y con el qu&#243;rum de la Franja Morada para reelegirse en la conducci&#243;n). &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La consecuencia de ello es el aparatismo, la falta de ideas, el pragmatismo y las componendas con las instituciones del r&#233;gimen burgu&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El MAS acusa a quienes no comparten su revisi&#243;n completa de los an&#225;lisis, caracterizaciones y programa que levantara Trotsky frente a la burocracia stalinista en los &#8216;30, como incapaces de adoptar una pol&#237;tica que ejercite la democracia obrera y un socialismo de tipo democr&#225;tico. Curiosamente tampoco ha planteado ninguna estrategia de car&#225;cter sovi&#233;tico, sin el cual la democracia se transforma en democratismo burgu&#233;s. No es casualidad que el MAS ha borrado de su programa el planteo de la dictadura del proletariado. &#191;Qu&#233; tipo de democracia, qu&#233; tipo de autogobierno puede establecerse sin el ejercicio efectivo del poder por parte de la clase trabajadora basada en organismos de car&#225;cter sovi&#233;tico?4 &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Por motivos distintos tanto las corrientes autonomistas como muchas de las que se reivindican obreras y socialistas, carecieron desde la teor&#237;a y el programa de una estrategia para dotar al movimiento de s&#243;lidas organizaciones representativas de lucha, embriones de poder obrero y popular sin las cuales es imposible pensar en un genuino movimiento de masas que dispute el poder a la burgues&#237;a. No hay revoluci&#243;n sin partido, pero tampoco hay revoluci&#243;n sin organismos de doble poder.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La lucha contra el desempleo y el programa de transici&#243;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En un pa&#237;s con m&#225;s de tres millones de desocupados y otros tantos subocupados, la cuesti&#243;n del trabajo es un punto central de todo programa revolucionario. Aqu&#237; tambi&#233;n estos meses fueron un test para los diversos programas y estrategias que se pusieron en juego.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El colapso financiero y la devaluaci&#243;n, luego de cuatro a&#241;os de recesi&#243;n, descalabraron incluso la econom&#237;a informal. En estas condiciones de polarizaci&#243;n y degradaci&#243;n social inauditas para los par&#225;metros nacionales, vastos sectores pauperizados fueron empujados a establecer formas precarias de econom&#237;a de subsistencia, sobre todo entre la creciente poblaci&#243;n desempleada, mediante emprendimientos productivos en las barriadas populares.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pero los ide&#243;logos del autonomismo describieron esta pr&#225;ctica como un movimiento crecientemente emancipado de la explotaci&#243;n asalariada. Estas actividades autogestionadas fueron catalogadas nada m&#225;s ni nada menos que como alternativa a la explotaci&#243;n capitalista y espacios de reproducci&#243;n de la vida social m&#225;s all&#225; del capital, productores de una &#8220;nueva subjetividad desalienada&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pensar que la poblaci&#243;n obrera sobrante pueda reproducirse en los emprendimientos de subsistencia de los peque&#241;os movimientos de desocupados autogestionarios, al margen del capital, es retroceder de las utop&#237;as prudhonianas a las sectas comunistas agrarias del siglo XVI. Simple y sencillamente los recursos productivos fundamentales del pa&#237;s, la energ&#237;a, el petr&#243;leo, las grandes industrial alimentarias, las sider&#250;rgicas, los bancos, est&#225;n centralizados bajo el poder del capital. &#191;C&#243;mo sacar al pueblo del hundimiento sin reapropiarse de esos inmensos recursos? &#191;C&#243;mo reapropiarlos sino mediante una extensa lucha de clases que debe tener por la fuerza de los hechos a los trabajadores de esas industrias y de esas empresas como actor central de la misma? &#191;C&#243;mo reapropiarlos sino mediante el derrocamiento del estado que sirve en su beneficio? Hace unos meses insist&#237;amos en que &#8220;no es posible siquiera pensar en terminar con la situaci&#243;n actual y satisfacer las necesidades de las masas sin enfrentar las fuerzas del estado burgu&#233;s, tomar el poder y expropiar la inmensa riqueza social que acumulada en un pu&#241;ado de par&#225;sitos y liberadas a la anarqu&#237;a de la producci&#243;n capitalista traban a cada paso el desarrollo y el progreso y generan m&#225;s hambre, pobreza y degradaci&#243;n a la inmensa mayor&#237;a de la poblaci&#243;n&#8221;5. Esta es sin dudas la &#250;nica salida realista. Los MTD en el Gran Buenos Aires han venido a descubrir que la relaci&#243;n salarial puede ser superada no suprimiendo al capitalismo, sino al margen de &#233;l, y resolver el problema del hambre retrocediendo de la t&#233;cnica y la ciencia del siglo XXI a econom&#237;as precapitalistas dom&#233;sticas. &#161;Y esto en la &#233;poca del &#8220;trabajo inmaterial&#8221; y del &#8220;capitalismo cognitivo&#8221;!6&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La resoluci&#243;n a la crisis del empleo se encuentra en la superaci&#243;n misma del car&#225;cter restringido y dependiente de la acumulaci&#243;n de capital, es decir por la instauraci&#243;n de una planificaci&#243;n racional y democr&#225;tica de los recursos productivos, que implica la superaci&#243;n de la dependencia y la anarqu&#237;a capitalista. La conclusi&#243;n l&#243;gica es la expropiaci&#243;n de los expropiadores. Transformar la expulsi&#243;n creciente de la poblaci&#243;n obrera sobrante, -determinada por este tipo de acumulaci&#243;n que conduce tanto a una destrucci&#243;n creciente de las fuerzas productivas como a una polarizaci&#243;n social extrema-, en una condici&#243;n de la liberaci&#243;n y desalienaci&#243;n, equivale sencillamente a celebrar la ofensiva capitalista de los &#250;ltimos 25 a&#241;os. El obrero no se &#8220;libera&#8221; de la explotaci&#243;n asalariada por haber sido arrojado fuera del proceso de valorizaci&#243;n capitalista ni es la condici&#243;n de su posibilidad, porque el capital se valoriza justamente de esa manera, y refuerza as&#237; el control del proceso capitalista de conjunto.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oponer a la reducci&#243;n de la jornada laboral y el reparto de las horas de trabajo, el beneficio estatal de una &#8220;renta ciudadana&#8221;, en palabras m&#225;s prosaicas y argentinas: un seguro de desempleo, es completamente funcional al tipo de acumulaci&#243;n capitalista restringida y dependiente com&#250;n a los pa&#237;ses perif&#233;ricos, y completamente acorde (se podr&#225; discutir el monto del subsidio) con las pol&#237;ticas reaccionarias de los gobiernos. Los comunistas no hacemos un culto del trabajo ni festejamos la &#8220;dignidad del trabajo&#8221; de la cultura peronista y sindicalista. Pero es evidente que la oposici&#243;n al trabajo asalariado debe partir de la reducci&#243;n de la ganancia capitalista, del control creciente de los procesos de producci&#243;n y de la disminuci&#243;n permanente y acorde con las capacidades de la t&#233;cnica de las horas trabajadas. La conquista del tiempo libre es la conquista de la abundancia, no del desempleo de masas, la marginalidad, la pobreza, la insalubridad, el mal vivir. En esta filosof&#237;a reaccionaria del autonomismo radica su incapacidad org&#225;nica de establecer un programa y una estrategia para unir a los trabajadores ocupados y desocupados.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La condici&#243;n primera para la conquista del tiempo libre, es parad&#243;jicamente, la extensi&#243;n del trabajo a la masa total de trabajadores, mediante el reparto de las horas de trabajo con un promedio salarial equivalente al valor de reproducci&#243;n de la fuerza de trabajo. Esto equivale en las condiciones actuales a una disminuci&#243;n dr&#225;stica de la ganancia capitalista, planteando una lucha directa contra el capital y su estado. Y constituye una premisa fundamental de la socializaci&#243;n de los medios de producci&#243;n y la &#250;nica garant&#237;a de la preservaci&#243;n f&#237;sica y moral de los productores de la riqueza social y por lo tanto de las potencias inherentes a la clase trabajadora de superar el modo de producci&#243;n capitalista.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Las implicancias pol&#237;ticas de esta ilusi&#243;n son dram&#225;ticas, porque en un pa&#237;s con m&#225;s de tres millones de desocupados, las bloqueras y las huertas comunitarias no pueden ser m&#225;s que trincheras secundarias de una guerra m&#225;s vasta de clases por el control de las fuerzas productivas en su conjunto. Esto requer&#237;a de forma urgente un programa para unir a la clase trabajadora de conjunto, es decir soldar en forma consciente los intereses comunes de los trabajadores ocupados y desocupados para dotarlos de un programa anticapitalista. Sin embargo las organizaciones de desocupados -no s&#243;lo las que se reclaman autonomistas- que han sido una parte fundamental de la vanguardia de la lucha han carecido en un 99% de sus organizaciones de una estrategia de confluencia con los millones de asalariados. El programa que hab&#237;an establecido los primeros levantamientos del hambre desde Cutral Co en adelante de &#8220;trabajo para todos&#8221; fue progresivamente demolido en una combinaci&#243;n de reclamos inmediatos de planes de empleo y bolsones de comida, a la que se le agreg&#243; la utilizaci&#243;n de los mismos en proyectos productivos, la quintaesencia del trabajo &#8220;desalienado&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Los movimientos de desocupados orientados por la izquierda no han sido capaces de ofrecer una alternativa en este terreno. Dif&#237;cilmente pueda sostenerse que siquiera han estado un paso m&#225;s adelante. En ocasiones da la impresi&#243;n contraria, en tanto su estrategia parece cada vez m&#225;s subordinada a la l&#243;gica de lo posible en los marcos de referencia que el gobierno ha delimitado mediante el plan jefes y jefas de hogar, a los bolsones de comida y a los merenderos y comedores comunitarios. El programa transicional fue desplazado por el programa m&#237;nimo, y justo cuando presenciamos la peor crisis capitalista de la historia nacional. Movimientos m&#225;s apartados de las corrientes pol&#237;ticas nacionales, en el interior del pa&#237;s y a veces de caracter&#237;sticas m&#225;s espontaneas, como en el sur, en Mosconi, en Neuqu&#233;n, han planteado en forma mucho m&#225;s consecuente el reclamo de trabajo genuino. A pesar de la ret&#243;rica antigubernamental y antiestatal, la realidad es que los movimientos de desocupados que se ubican a la izquierda de la burocracia piquetera de D'Elia y Alderete y que han ganado en capacidad movilizadora, vienen siendo, sin embargo, progresivamente domesticados mediante las pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de asistencia estatal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El PO ha puesto el grito en el cielo por esta caracterizaci&#243;n y acus&#243; al PTS de considerar a los desocupados como &#8220;desclasados y marginales&#8221;, &#8220;excluidos&#8221;, de colocar en &#8220;oposici&#243;n&#8221; al desocupado respecto al ocupado, de &#8220;expulsar al desocupado de su estrategia pol&#237;tica&#8221;, y de querer apartar a los obreros y obreras de Brukman y Zanon de los &#8220;desclasados&#8221;7. Por supuesto que las faltas graves a la verdad en el debate no resuelven el problema. El cuestionamiento sigue en pie, ya que la mayor&#237;a de los movimientos de desocupados, incluido el PO, han abandonado el reclamo del trabajo genuino y el reparto de las horas de trabajo, como el planteo de un plan de obras p&#250;blicas controlado por los trabajadores en funci&#243;n de las necesidades sociales, que como todos saben han quedado como letra muerta en los &#8220;programas&#8221; que se escriben y se votan, pero nunca se plasman en luchas concretas. As&#237; el &#250;nico programa que puede unir al trabajador ocupado y desocupado contra el estado y los capitalistas ha sido guardado celosamente. La pr&#225;ctica real del movimiento ha sido conducida hacia el programa m&#237;nimo, castrando efectivamente el programa con el que naci&#243;. Con esto el PO y otros tantos movimientos de desocupados naturalizan la desocupaci&#243;n, es decir las relaciones capitalistas de producci&#243;n en las actuales circunstancias hist&#243;ricas, depositando en los desocupados la tarea de exigir al estado el plan jefes y jefas de hogar, ni siquiera un subsidio equivalente a la canasta familiar (que tambi&#233;n ha sido archivado). El PO en af&#225;n de polemizar cree que el reclamo de &#8220;bolsones y planes&#8221; al estar &#8220;dirigido al estado es un combate contra el poder pol&#237;tico en el plano nacional, provincial y municipal&#8221; 8. Si la demanda m&#237;nima de asistencia estatal cuestiona per se el poder pol&#237;tico capitalista entonces podr&#237;amos decir que el programa de transici&#243;n ha sido superado por la historia. Pero no es as&#237;. Si algo ha sido demostrado en los &#250;ltimos meses es que una asistencia m&#237;nima generalizada no s&#243;lo es compatible con el estado burgu&#233;s, sino que el gobierno de este estado lo utiliz&#243; para impedir nuevos levantamientos e incluso intentar recuperar base social mediante el punterismo. Dicho sea de paso planes de este tipo es el que recomienda el mismo Banco Mundial para las pol&#237;ticas asistenciales en los pa&#237;ses de la periferia, y es el que anuncia Lula en Brasil, a pesar que all&#237; no existe el PO para &#8220;arranc&#225;rselos&#8221; y demostrar que el planteo lulista es incompatible con el capitalismo. Si el PO estar&#237;a convencido de lo que dice cuando polemiza deber&#237;a reconsiderar seriamente su caracterizaci&#243;n del plan neokeynesiano de la CTA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Una asistencia m&#237;nima no s&#243;lo no es incompatible con el capitalismo, sino que puede servir para cooptar a los movimientos m&#225;s combativos, erradicar los m&#233;todos de acci&#243;n directa con cortes efectivos de la circulaci&#243;n de mercanc&#237;as tal como se dieron en un comienzo, e impedir que los millones de desocupados exijan la demanda que verdaderamente ataca el coraz&#243;n del capitalismo, el reparto de las horas de trabajo. Esto s&#243;lo puede lograrse mediante la unidad program&#225;tica, pol&#237;tica y organizativa entre los trabajadores ocupados y desocupados. El PO cree haber hecho una obra p&#237;a y absolver sus pecados porque &#8220;trabajan en estrecha solidaridad con la clase obrera ocupada y en lucha, como lo demuestran las acciones en defensa de las f&#225;bricas ocupadas (Brukman, Laval&#225;n)&#8221;. Pero esto s&#243;lo demuestra las falencias, no las virtudes, porque reducir la estrategia de unir a los ocupados con los desocupados a un acto de solidaridad es reconocer la carencia total de una pol&#237;tica proletaria. El PO inventa que &#8220;la Argentina piquetera se caracteriza precisamente por haber quebrado la tentativa capitalista de someter a la competencia a unos con otros&#8221;, pero esta competencia est&#225; m&#225;s viva que nunca, como lo demuestran los miles de puestos de trabajo municipales y privados que el gobierno est&#225; ocupando con los planes y porque es inevitable que en un pa&#237;s con millones de desocupados las tendencias reales sean a la desvalorizaci&#243;n de la fuerza laboral. Esto es as&#237; a pesar que los movimientos piqueteros se han opuesto a que se quiebre el convenio y han defendido el salario obrero.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En esta divisi&#243;n de las filas obreras residen muchas de las dificultades por las que atraviesa hoy la clase trabajadora y que s&#243;lo podr&#225; superar estableciendo objetivos que se encaminen hacia la unidad de la clase trabajadora y la superaci&#243;n del estado capitalista. Y ello comienza por estrechar program&#225;tica, pol&#237;tica y organizativamente, como clase unificada lo que el capitalismo divide: esa alianza estrecha puede demostrarla Zanon con el MTD de Neuqu&#233;n, no el PO.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mientras no se retome realmente -y no s&#243;lo en el discurso- el programa de los primeros levantamientos de desocupados del '96 y '97 y se los supere revolucionariamente, mientras no se establezca una estrecha unidad org&#225;nica con franjas de la clase trabajadora ocupada y en particular con su sector m&#225;s combativo, los movimientos de desocupados correr&#225;n el peligro de institucionalizarse como organizaciones de tipo reivindicativos-corporativos y perder&#225;n el filo revolucionario con que nacieron hace m&#225;s de siete a&#241;os.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Por &#250;ltimo habr&#237;a que agregar que la peregrina idea de un nuevo sujeto social, el &#8220;sujeto piquetero&#8221; no es s&#243;lo enarbolado por el autonomismo sino tambi&#233;n por el PO. Ya hemos polemizado con esta idea. Pero hay que agregar el hecho de que el planteo de la huelga general como m&#233;todo de la clase trabajadora, ha sido completamente borrado como perspectiva. Y sin embargo durante m&#225;s de dos meses el PO vino anunciando un nuevo argentinazo para el d&#237;a 20 de diciembre, d&#237;a del aniversario de las jornadas. Y crey&#243; que movilizaciones pac&#237;ficas, sin que irrumpan los millones de trabajadores con sus m&#233;todos, con la huelga general de tipo insurreccional, pod&#237;an tirar a Duhalde y protagonizar un nuevo argentinazo superior al que tir&#243; a De la R&#250;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La toma de f&#225;bricas y el control obrero&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El proceso de ocupaci&#243;n de f&#225;bricas y puesta en producci&#243;n por sus trabajadores es sin dudas el proceso potencialmente m&#225;s revolucionario que se viene desarrollando desde las jornadas de diciembre, porque cuestiona directamente la propiedad capitalista y plantea por sobre el derecho de propiedad el derecho al trabajo, poniendo en tela de juicio por ello mismo la libre disponibilidad del capital y el ordenamiento jur&#237;dico burgu&#233;s. Como en todos los fen&#243;menos avanzados de la lucha de clases las divergencias entre una pol&#237;tica tendiente a institucionalizar el proceso y otro de car&#225;cter independiente se dieron tambi&#233;n respecto a las f&#225;bricas. La primera de estas opciones es la encabezada por el abogado Caro y su Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas, estrechamente unido a la Iglesia y al PJ que ha impulsado leyes de expropiaci&#243;n favorables a la patronal quebrada, con pago de indemnizaci&#243;n, alquiler de espacio f&#237;sico, expropiaci&#243;n limitada en el tiempo, etc. La otra vertiente, que impulsan los trabajadores de Brukman y Zanon sostiene el control obrero y el reclamo de nacionalizaci&#243;n sin indemnizaci&#243;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;M&#225;s all&#225; de estas divergencias, el nuevo fen&#243;meno de f&#225;bricas ocupadas por sus trabajadores alent&#243; la idea, que ya vimos presente en el seno del movimiento de desocupados, de la autogesti&#243;n productiva. El autonomismo considera este movimiento como parte de un nuevo sujeto, posfordista, como el piquetero, el trabajador precario y el peque&#241;o productor arruinado. Y est&#225; llamado, igual que en los proyectos productivos del MTD, a producir su propia vida, su propia subjetividad. De esta forma se completa la separaci&#243;n de este peque&#241;o sector de la clase obrera, fundamentalmente de empresas peque&#241;as y medianas empujadas a la quiebra por la crisis, del resto de los asalariados &#8220;fordistas&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En este caso las ilusiones de una autogesti&#243;n al margen del mercado son m&#225;s ruinosas que en los emprendimientos de subsistencia, puesto que en f&#225;bricas como la de Zanon la que marca el pulso de la &#8220;autoproducci&#243;n&#8221; no es el autoconsumo, sino la demanda del mercado, los costos de producci&#243;n, la renovaci&#243;n de maquinaria, el precio de las materias primas, es decir el mercado capitalista. De modo que aunque un grado mayor de libertad, de autoconciencia y de desalienaci&#243;n est&#225;n presentes en estas luchas ejemplares, ellas dependen por entero del proceso que se da fuera de la f&#225;brica. La resoluci&#243;n a esta contradicci&#243;n s&#243;lo puede ser resuelto mediante dos procedimientos: el de insertarse m&#225;s a&#250;n en el mercado capitalista, subordin&#225;ndose a las leyes comerciales, autoexplot&#225;ndose para ser competitivos e incluso a mediano plazo contratar nuevos trabajadores bajo relaci&#243;n de dependencia para ganar mercado y bajar costos, m&#233;todos de reabsorci&#243;n capitalista como los que impulsa Caro, o la extensi&#243;n del proceso hacia las grandes industrias y servicios y la apuesta al desarrollo de la lucha de clases. El autonomismo aunque no comparte en general la institucionalizaci&#243;n (poder instituido) del proceso de tomas de f&#225;brica hacia el cooperativismo, sin embargo su propia l&#243;gica lo empuja hacia all&#237;, al rechazar la nacionalizaci&#243;n, la planificaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica y la centralizaci&#243;n de los medios de producci&#243;n y en definitiva un nuevo poder obrero y popular. Para que una empresa logre &#8220;autogestionarse&#8221; indefinidamente, debe ante todo entrar en la guerra de todos contra todos del mercado. La idea de un socialismo en peque&#241;a escala, propietario, por otra parte no es nueva, Proudhon hace m&#225;s de 150 a&#241;os que lo plante&#243; como programa de la clase trabajadora. Este socialismo peque&#241;o burgu&#233;s de Proudhon entend&#237;a que la propiedad era un robo pero que pod&#237;a no serlo si se establec&#237;an ciertas reformas sociales, como los bonos de trabajo. En palabras de Marx ideas de este tipo traducen &#8220;el piadoso deseo de desembarazarse del dinero con el dinero, del valor de cambio con el valor de cambio, de la mercanc&#237;a con la mercanc&#237;a y la forma burguesa de producci&#243;n&#8221; 9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La autogesti&#243;n entendida como lo hacen los autonomistas empuja inevitablemente a las f&#225;bricas ocupadas por el camino del cooperativismo y la reinserci&#243;n como cuasi propietarios en el marcado capitalista. Aleja a los trabajadores de las f&#225;bricas ocupadas del resto de su clase y los transforma de asalariados en &#8220;asociados&#8221; (el ideal de todo autonomista que pretende &#8220;abolir&#8221; el trabajo asalariado bajo el mismo capitalismo).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A los m&#233;todos capitalistas de gesti&#243;n obrera s&#243;lo es posible oponerle los m&#233;todos socialistas que se apoyan en la lucha de clases y en la preparaci&#243;n consciente, mediante la extensi&#243;n del control obrero y otras formas de poder dual, de la lucha por el poder.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La autogesti&#243;n y el cooperativismo pueden realizarse -con resultados dudosos- en las peque&#241;as empresas de bajo o medio nivel tecnol&#243;gico y de capital. Es razonable pensar que los grandes conglomerados resistir&#225;n hasta la guerra civil alg&#250;n tipo de expropiaci&#243;n. Adem&#225;s los trabajadores deber&#237;an concentrar masas ingentes de capital a cr&#233;dito para poner en movimiento el capital constante. Se plantear&#237;a inmediatamente la cuesti&#243;n de la propiedad de los grandes bancos, de los proveedores de energ&#237;a, etc. Al mismo tiempo, ya lo dijimos, se trata de superar la anarqu&#237;a capitalista y la reapropiaci&#243;n de los grandes medios de producci&#243;n para sacar al pa&#237;s del marasmo. En realidad, las f&#225;bricas que hoy est&#225;n puestas a producir por sus trabajadores son un instrumento extraordinario, no para &#8220;autogestionarse&#8221; autonomistamente, es decir capitalistamente, sino como palanca para impulsar el proceso de control obrero, de cuestionamiento de la propiedad; de qu&#233; se produce, bajo qu&#233; condiciones, dirigidas a qu&#233; fines, en las grandes industrias, servicios y bancos. En definitiva para impulsar direcciones clasistas, antiburocr&#225;ticas y facilitar que se desarrollen los g&#233;rmenes de un nuevo movimiento obrero revolucionario. El control obrero o la gesti&#243;n obrera directa en las empresas nacionalizadas ser&#225;n una escuela de control y administraci&#243;n socialista, educar&#225;n a los trabajadores en los temas que antes estaban vedados a ellos por los patrones, y con ello crear&#225;n en las mismas empresas los &#243;rganos de doble poder. Que este proceso se desarrolle depende enteramente de la lucha de clases y de las relaciones de fuerza que puedan establecerse y no de las formas legales y el tipo de propiedad jur&#237;dica que se establece.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Se han planteado tambi&#233;n variantes de este modelo, m&#225;s realistas, porque intentan pensar no en una sola f&#225;brica sino en subsistemas de empresas, desde un v&#233;rtice de tecnolog&#237;a media, hacia abajo. Una suerte de acumulaci&#243;n primitiva socialista en el seno del mercado capitalista10. Aun as&#237; est&#225; fuera de lugar pensar que un subsistema de mediana tecnolog&#237;a pueda resistir los embates del gran capital. Lo interesante es la idea de que la clase trabajadora puede enfrentar al capital en su mismo terreno, es decir en el terreno de la ley del valor y no en la lucha de clases revolucionaria. Se ha dicho mucho sobre la distancia que media entre la acumulaci&#243;n originaria de una clase propietaria en ascenso como la burgues&#237;a que preparaba su propia revoluci&#243;n pol&#237;tica y el tipo de acumulaci&#243;n que est&#225; obligada a realizar la clase trabajadora que no es propietaria m&#225;s que de su fuerza de trabajo, acumulaci&#243;n de &#237;ndole muy distinta y que exige ante todo una acumulaci&#243;n de car&#225;cter pol&#237;tico e ideol&#243;gico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La realidad es que las f&#225;bricas ocupadas son un fen&#243;meno estructuralmente inestable, y que han sobrevivido de un lado por la feroz crisis econ&#243;mica y pol&#237;tica y de otra por su combatividad y el apoyo social, material y pol&#237;tico que han recibido de franjas enteras de la poblaci&#243;n, y sobre todo de su estrato m&#225;s militante. Pero es inevitable clarificar cual ser&#225; la estrategia para impedir su derrota o su absorci&#243;n en el mercado capitalista y c&#243;mo lograr que un movimiento de estas caracter&#237;sticas se expanda hacia las ramas m&#225;s importantes de la producci&#243;n y los servicios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Las corrientes de izquierda tampoco en este terreno han sido una alternativa al cooperativismo reformista y el autonomismo autogestionario. En general, gran parte de ella no ha tenido casi incidencia en este fen&#243;meno, pero all&#237; donde han tenido alguno, como el MST en Cl&#237;nica Junin de C&#243;rdoba no se han distinguido en esencia del planteo cooperativista. En efecto el MST ha propiciado esta forma jur&#237;dica incluso all&#237; donde la &#8220;expropiaci&#243;n&#8221; era un salvataje al empresario y una carga para el obrero (Ghelco y otras). M&#225;s all&#225; de eso no ha hecho ning&#250;n planteo serio sobre el tema. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
El PO ha dado un giro pol&#237;tico entre los meses de junio y julio, pero como es su costumbre nunca lo ha explicitado. Hasta esa fecha el PO ven&#237;a defendiendo el planteo de la nacionalizaci&#243;n de toda empresa que cierre o despida y puesta a producir bajo control obrero11.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El planteo de la nacionalizaci&#243;n era una extensi&#243;n del programa frente a las grandes empresas privatizadas, energ&#233;ticas, el petr&#243;leo y los bancos. Pero a partir de esa fecha vino a descubrir que todo aquel que plantee la nacionalizaci&#243;n de empresas recuperadas no pod&#237;a estar m&#225;s que en el bando del &#8220;estatismo burgu&#233;s&#8221;, en un sorprendente acercamiento con el planteo autonomista que lo llev&#243; a coquetear con el cooperativismo y a una coincidencia legislativa con el ARI y el PJ a prop&#243;sito de Grissin&#243;poli12. La cuesti&#243;n de la nacionalizaci&#243;n de los bancos y las grandes empresas estrat&#233;gicas surge naturalmente de concentrar los recursos productivos para ponerlos no en funci&#243;n de la ganancia privada, sino en funci&#243;n de las necesidades sociales. Claro est&#225; que las empresas que en el pasado fueron del estado sirvieron a la acumulaci&#243;n capitalista. Fue un veh&#237;culo de la redistribuci&#243;n de la renta agraria hacia las c&#250;pulas empresariales. Pero el planteo de la nacionalizaci&#243;n de dichas empresas no pretende volver a la vieja historia, sino al ejercicio del control por parte de los trabajadores y de los usuarios sobre ellas, y est&#225; unido a una serie de planteos program&#225;ticos anticapitalistas y antiimperialistas, es decir a un programa que s&#243;lo un gobierno de los trabajadores podr&#237;a realizar. Es decir, es un planteo de nacionalizaci&#243;n de un no-estado capitalista y sobre la base de una lucha revolucionaria de masas. No hay que agregar mucho m&#225;s a esto, que ha sido el programa hist&#243;rico de los marxistas adaptado a las condiciones nacionales de la crisis. Pero sigue siendo tan v&#225;lido en las grandes ramas econ&#243;micas como entre las empresas que los capitalistas en muchos casos han hecho quebrar en forma fraudulenta, pues se trata de preservar las fuerzas de la clase trabajadora como tal, impidiendo su cierre e impidiendo que se las someta a la explotaci&#243;n no ya de un patr&#243;n individual sino a la patronal colectiva mediante la competencia en el mercado bajo la forma de cooperativa. Cuando PO le reprocha a los trabajadores de Zanon que con el proyecto de nacionalizaci&#243;n pretenden un &#8220;nuevo patr&#243;n, el estado&#8221; no repara en que el proletariado no reclama la propiedad de tal o cual capital individual, no reclama a la manera cooperativista ser &#8220;sus propios patrones&#8221;, sino que reclama para s&#237; la posesi&#243;n de todos los medios de producci&#243;n, es decir del poder del estado. En tanto ello no sea posible de manera inmediata la forma de generalizar tal experiencia s&#243;lo puede darse mediante la extensi&#243;n del control obrero a todas las ramas de la producci&#243;n, no de ser propietaria f&#225;brica por f&#225;brica, m&#225;quina por m&#225;quina. El programa ceramista que plantea el control obrero, el plan de obras p&#250;blicas para dar trabajo a los desocupados e integrar el proceso productivo entre los trabajadores de la construcci&#243;n, las escuelas, los hospitales, etc. tiene por objetivo la participaci&#243;n generalizada de los trabajadores y las masas en las tareas inmediatas de resolver la desocupaci&#243;n y en general de la planificaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica por sobre la ganancia capitalista. Incluso un colectivo de empresas recuperadas nacionalizadas bajo control obrero podr&#237;a integrarse a diversas ramas de la producci&#243;n como proveedoras del estado, m&#225;s all&#225; de los rindes econ&#243;micos que pudieran extraerse. Lo que no se alcanza a ver es que la independencia del estado capitalista no est&#225; dada por el t&#237;tulo de propiedad (privada, estatal) sino por la organizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica independiente de los trabajadores, que debe estar asegurado por el control obrero. A&#250;n as&#237; el control obrero en muchas ocasiones puede servir a la patronal controlada, en tanto pone a los trabajadores en el esfuerzo de buscar materias primas all&#237; donde escasean, encontrar nuevos clientes, etc., es decir transforma al control obrero en participacionismo de la ganancia privada. Ya sea del estado, privada o est&#233; transitoriamente como autogestionada, el control obrero puede ser efectivo si est&#225; orientado hacia la extensi&#243;n del movimiento y al cuestionamiento del poder capitalista de conjunto. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
El rechazo a la nacionalizaci&#243;n sea bajo la modalidad que sea, plantea un interrogante: &#191;qu&#233; hacer con los excedentes econ&#243;micos? Los ceramistas proyectan poner a funcionar la empresa en funci&#243;n de los intereses sociales, lo cual impone que esos excedentes pueden estar destinados a ampliar la producci&#243;n, a la construcci&#243;n de viviendas y hospitales, etc. independientemente de la ganancia que se obtenga en la propia f&#225;brica. Esto requiere ser sostenida extraecon&#243;micamente por parte del estado en base a impuestos a los capitalistas y otras punciones sobre los beneficios. Pero como empresa independiente, autogestionada, aunque el estado compre su producci&#243;n ese excedente deber&#225; estar destinado inexorablemente a destruir a la competencia, es decir a arrojar a la calle a los trabajadores de las empresas competidoras, si no quiere ella misma ser arrojada fuera de juego.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Es curioso que el PO que ha naturalizado la relaci&#243;n de dependencia estatal mediante el subsidio de los desocupados como &#250;nico programa rechace ahora el planteo de la nacionalizaci&#243;n bajo control obrero de las empresas ocupadas. Y m&#225;s curioso a&#250;n porque sigue reivindicando la nacionalizaci&#243;n de los bancos y empresas privatizadas. El planteo semiautonomista del PO, en este caso transforma a los trabajadores en inversores, e incluso en inversores ilegales si est&#225;n por fuera del registro cooperativo. Pero si todo esto puede ser evitado imponi&#233;ndole condiciones al estado (compra, insumos, cr&#233;ditos, etc.) entonces se trata fundamentalmente de relaci&#243;n de fuerzas y de orientaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica, quedando fuera de pol&#233;mica el &#8220;inexorable&#8221; &#8220;estatismo burgu&#233;s&#8221; que descubri&#243; Altamira en los &#250;ltimos 6 meses de sus m&#225;s de 35 a&#241;os de existencia pol&#237;tica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Partido, masas y vanguardia&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si luego de d&#233;cadas en los que el peronismo por su influencia en la clase trabajadora bloque&#243; la posibilidad de construir un partido revolucionario propio, las jornadas de diciembre y el ocaso y desprestigio de los partidos tradicionales abren perspectivas hist&#243;ricas. Esto no quiere decir que la mayor&#237;a de los trabajadores haya roto con su partido, pero el peronismo no es ni la sombre de lo que fue y de la influencia que tuvo en el pasado. La existencia de una nueva vanguardia de miles de luchadores plantea objetivamente la posibilidad de construir un partido revolucionario de vanguardia que nuclee a miles de militantes implantados en los centros neur&#225;lgicos de la econom&#237;a, en el movimiento de desocupados, en las universidades, en los colegios y se prepare program&#225;tica, estrat&#233;gica y organizativamente para ganar a cientos de miles e influir sobre millones en los pr&#243;ximos ascensos revolucionarios. De la capacidad de forjar esta herramienta depender&#225; la suerte que corra el proceso revolucionario argentino. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
El movimientismo autonomista est&#225; inhibido de cualquier planteo partidario por su propia esencia. Las corrientes nacionalista y populistas, incluso el PC atan la suerte de la clase trabajadora a distintas variantes de colaboraci&#243;n de clases, frentes de liberaci&#243;n o democr&#225;ticos con distintos sectores de la burgues&#237;a. En consecuencia rechazan desde el vamos el principio de la independencia de clase y de la construcci&#243;n de un partido y un programa transicional revolucionario.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Desde nuestro partido hemos realizado un llamado a las corrientes que se reivindican obreras y socialistas como el MAS y el PO y tambi&#233;n al MST en la medida que rompa su alianza estrat&#233;gica con el estalinismo, y a una amplia franja del activismo a discutir abiertamente, de cara a toda la vanguardia las coincidencias y las diferencias que existen para construir dicho partido13. En ese llamamiento planteamos que: &#8220;Es hora de terminar con los &#8220;corralitos&#8221; y revalorizar a la luz de los nuevos acontecimientos las viejas diferencias. Es hora de demostrar qui&#233;n quiere verdaderamente construir un partido y qui&#233;n una secta. Gramsci apuntaba que en la secta (y en la mafia) la asociaci&#243;n es un fin en s&#237; mismo y el inter&#233;s particular, familiar, es elevado a principio universal. El partido, por el contrario, como vanguardia o &#8220;intelectual colectivo&#8221; debe ser concebido s&#243;lo como un medio, un instrumento indispensable pero cuyo inter&#233;s debe tender a ser el inter&#233;s social general, la revoluci&#243;n socialista que termine con la explotaci&#243;n del hombre por el hombre (la raz&#243;n &#250;ltima de la existencia de los actuales partidos pol&#237;ticos). Hay que dejar de lado todo &#8220;inter&#233;s particular&#8221; de secta que impida hacer los m&#225;ximos esfuerzos para que las organizaciones que nos reclamamos marxistas y revolucionarias discutamos en com&#250;n con todos los trabajadores y estudiantes revolucionarios, el programa y los m&#233;todos para construir el partido de la revoluci&#243;n obrera y socialista en la Argentina. Esa es nuestra responsabilidad actual, y la historia no nos perdonar&#225;&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El MAS ha planteado para el per&#237;odo inmediato la constituci&#243;n de un &#8220;Movimiento pol&#237;tico / social de los trabajadores&#8221;, mientras que la construcci&#243;n de un partido revolucionario en el que confluyan distintas experiencias es un objetivo a largo plazo. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En el documento de su 8&#186; Congreso dicen &#8220;En primer lugar, proponer la conformaci&#243;n de un movimiento pol&#237;tico / social de izquierda que enarbole un programa m&#237;nimo revolucionario. Este programa se podr&#225; tomar tanto de las asambleas populares, como de los programas &#171;piqueteros&#187; o de las experiencias clasistas&#8221;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La diferencia no es de tiempos, sino program&#225;tica, pues se reduce por anticipado el programa a las experiencias que han estado presentes en estos meses. Pero un programa que s&#243;lo recoja experiencias parciales, no puede generalizar las experiencias hist&#243;ricas de la clase trabajadora en su lucha revolucionaria y no puede elevarse a las salidas de fondo que requiere la situaci&#243;n nacional. Estar&#237;amos condenados en el mejor de los casos a ponernos de acuerdo en un programa m&#237;nimo que se ver&#237;a superado al primer embate de las masas. En el peor de todos a hacer una amalgama de planteos y posiciones que desvirt&#250;en o esterilicen el programa revolucionario.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;El PO conserva una actitud abiertamente autoproclamatoria, considerando su propia organizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica como el partido de la clase trabajadora. Sin embargo ninguna de las organizaciones pol&#237;ticas de la izquierda re&#250;ne hoy como mucho a poco m&#225;s de mil militantes cada una. Ninguna organizaci&#243;n que vea la realidad de frente puede pretenderse la direcci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de millones que a&#250;n no han roto con el peronismo. Sin ir m&#225;s lejos la influencia de la izquierda en los sindicatos es &#237;nfima. Para considerarse direcci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de masas es necesario haberse ganado el reconocimiento de la clase trabajadora, estar implantado y tener influencia por lo menos en sectores claves, todas cuestiones que todav&#237;a est&#225;n por conquistarse. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La autoproclamaci&#243;n sectaria siempre se vuelve en contra de quien la practica, porque crea una ilusi&#243;n y un espejismo que tarde o temprano se choca con la realidad. Pero adem&#225;s impide comprender cuales son las tareas del momento. El planteo del poder pol&#237;tico, como dijimos, es una frase vac&#237;a sin ganar a las masas. Esta es hoy la tarea fundamental. Esto requiere de una pol&#237;tica revolucionaria en el seno de las organizaciones de masas, en primer lugar los sindicatos para disputarle la direcci&#243;n a la burocracia sindical. Es evidente que un partido revolucionario de vanguardia que surja de un eventual proceso de unificaci&#243;n de los que nos reclamamos socialistas revolucionarios y que re&#250;na a miles o decenas de miles de militantes podr&#225; multiplicar la influencia en el seno de la clase trabajadora. Para ello es necesario ganar para el programa de la revoluci&#243;n socialista a un amplio estrato de la nueva militancia social. Y esta tarea tambi&#233;n se ver&#237;a beneficiada con la conformaci&#243;n de un partido unificado. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Un partido de estas caracter&#237;sticas podr&#237;a impulsar resueltamente un congreso unitario y democr&#225;tico de asambleas, piqueteros y f&#225;bricas ocupadas. Podr&#237;a impulsar resueltamente coordinadoras regionales y provinciales de todos los sectores en lucha y desde all&#237; dirigirse a millones que esperan una salida al hambre y la desocupaci&#243;n, incidiendo sobre los trabajadores de los grandes sindicatos. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La cuesti&#243;n de construir ese partido revolucionario, de unificar a la vanguardia y de dirigirse a los millones de trabajadores y sectores populares son tareas que a&#250;n est&#225;n por resolverse y se plantear&#225;n agudamente en el pr&#243;ximo per&#237;odo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTAS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1 En Prensa Obrera N&#186; 786 Marcelo Ramal escribe un art&#237;culo de respuesta a los cuestionamientos que formulamos en La Verdad Obrera N&#186; 113, pero all&#237; no puede encontrarse una l&#237;nea que explique porqu&#233; rechazaron durante todo este a&#241;o impulsar organismos de democracia directa y a despejar la confusi&#243;n que hacen entre organismos de masas y partido.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2 &#8220;Un partido sin estrategia de poder&#8221;, pol&#233;mica con el PO. La Verdad Obrera N&#186; 113.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3 En ese sentido, las formas organizativas del movimiento de desocupados son las que m&#225;s carecen de formas democr&#225;ticas de deliberaci&#243;n y acci&#243;n. Y esto no ocurre s&#243;lo en los movimientos orientados por la izquierda, sino tambi&#233;n por el autonomismo. En &#233;stos, aunque se rechaza la verticalidad y la dirigencia, y en donde se dice que son todos iguales, algunos son, por supuesto, m&#225;s iguales que otros. En comparaci&#243;n a las asambleas barriales, donde la deliberaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica es abierta y en la que militan diversas corrientes y existe un choque real de ideas, o las f&#225;bricas ocupadas y los sindicatos combativos, donde la &#250;nica disciplina real es la de la acci&#243;n votada en asambleas democr&#225;ticas y la deliberaci&#243;n es abierta a las opiniones de las m&#225;s variadas tendencias que act&#250;an a su interior, en contraste, esto est&#225; ausente en el seno del movimiento piquetero. Y es un retroceso respecto a los movimientos surgidos en el interior del pa&#237;s en el a&#241;o '96, en Cutral Co, Jujuy, etc., a pesar que las Asambleas Populares de los piqueteros fueron ef&#237;meras, donde un movimiento &#250;nico de la vanguardia de lucha pod&#237;a albergar a distintas corrientes pol&#237;ticas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4A pesar de la verborragia democr&#225;tica el MAS no fue capaz de impulsar siquiera una coordinadora que re&#250;na democr&#225;ticamente a los sectores en lucha. As&#237; han actuado respecto a la coordinadora en R&#237;o Negro y Neuqu&#233;n a la cual se negaron a impulsar desde el sindicato docente de la UNTER. Tampoco han mostrado algo distinto a otros grupos en el seno del movimiento de desocupados.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5 Ver &#8220;Econom&#237;a, pol&#237;tica y lucha de clases, una pol&#233;mica con los economistas de izquierda&#8221;. Revista Lucha de Clases, Noviembre 2002.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6 Para verificar esta paradoja autonomista ver el art&#237;culo &#8220;Argentina, trabajo vivo, crisis y nuevos sujetos sociales&#8221;, Cesar Altamira, Junio 2002, que defiende como programa estas nuevas pr&#225;cticas precapitalistas con el argumento de que el trabajo inmaterial y el posfordismo en Argentina hicieron nacer un nuevo sujeto social: el sujeto piquetero.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7 Prensa Obrera N&#186; 786.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8 Idem.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;9 Karl Marx, Contribuci&#243;n a la critica de la econom&#237;a pol&#237;tica. Una pol&#233;mica completa con las ideas de Proudhon se encuentra en Miseria de la Filosof&#237;a, Karl Marx.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10 Pablo Lev&#237;n, autor de &#8220;El capital tecnol&#243;gico&#8221; viene insistiendo sobre esta idea.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;11 En los meses anteriores el PO no hizo reparos sobre el &#8220;estatismo&#8221;. En TDO (Transportes Del Oeste) donde tienen influencia en el Cuerpo de Delegados en abril hac&#237;a la siguente declaraci&#243;n: &#8220;Es preciso recordar que el transporte debe ser un servicio p&#250;blico, que no puede estar regido por las reglas del beneficio privado. Por eso, frente a la situaci&#243;n actual, creemos que se impone exigir que el Estado se haga cargo de toda empresa que despida, suspenda o afecte el servicio. Y actuar en consecuencia, en todos los &#243;rdenes, para que los colectivos circulen, los compa&#241;eros trabajen, no se rebajen los salarios y el boleto no aumente&#8221;. Ver Prensa Obrera N&#186; 752. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Por esa misma fecha un art&#237;culo de PO aparecido el 11 de mayo sosten&#237;a respecto al conflicto en Brukman que: &#8220;Si los Brukman no est&#225;n dispuestos a comprometerse con estas demandas, est&#225;n inhabilitados para retomar el control de la f&#225;brica y lo que corresponde es que dicho control pase a manos del Gobierno de la Ciudad bajo fiscalizaci&#243;n de los trabajadores. La iniciativa de municipalizaci&#243;n bajo control obrero es una respuesta frente a la cat&#225;strofe econ&#243;mica y social que estamos atravesando (y de la cual Brukman es un ejemplo), la cual reclama desplazar a la actual clase dirigente y proceder a una reorganizaci&#243;n integral del pa&#237;s bajo direcci&#243;n de los trabajadores&#8221;.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Tan tarde como el 27 de junio el PO reivindica de la 2&#186; ANT lo siguiente: &#8220;La Asamblea llama a impulsar la ocupaci&#243;n de toda f&#225;brica que cierre o despida para luchar por su continuidad mediante la expropiaci&#243;n sin pago a cargo del Estado y el control de los trabajadores&#8221;. A partir de all&#237;, por supuesto, todo aquel que plantee la nacionalizaci&#243;n bajo control obrero de toda f&#225;brica que cierre o despida es acusado de puro &#8220;estatismo burgu&#233;s&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;12 Ver al respecto La Verdad Obrera N&#186; 110 y 111.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;13 Ver el documento &#8220;Organicemos un congreso de fundaci&#243;n de un gran partido de trabajadores revolucionario unificado&#8221;. Manifiesto aprobado por la Conferencia Nacional del PTS reunida el 3 y 4 de agosto de 2002.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La democracia directa y la filosof&#237;a pol&#237;tica del autonomismo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Para las ideas autonomistas de moda, el intento de derrocar al estado capitalista e imponer un poder obrero y popular equivale a restaurar la vieja figura de la representaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica de la ilustraci&#243;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Por eso, en la arena de la lucha de clases argentina el proceso de democracia directa y asamblearia, en las f&#225;bricas ocupadas, las asambleas populares y los movimientos de desocupados no tiene para ellos el objetivo de desarrollar una dualidad de poderes de tipo cl&#225;sica, sovi&#233;tica, que el consejismo obrero de los a&#241;os '30 e incluso el autonomismo obrero de los '70 hubieran aceptado, sino su propia disoluci&#243;n en la autogesti&#243;n de la vida social al margen del poder efectivo. &#191;De qu&#233; democracia directa se est&#225; hablando entonces?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Paolo Virno sostiene que el concepto de pueblo enlazado con el de la soberan&#237;a, el estado y la representaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica surge con Hobbes en contraposici&#243;n a Spinoza, &#8220;el te&#243;rico del poder instituyente de la multitud&#8221;1. En otro caso se opone la figura de la representaci&#243;n liberal de Hobbes y Voltaire a la democracia directa y comunal de Rousseau2. Fij&#233;monos en esta &#250;ltima antinomia, porque la democracia directa ha venido a ser un t&#243;pico central del debate en curso.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Para muchos autonomistas la confrontaci&#243;n entre la democracia representativa y la democracia directa que se insinu&#243; en el debate de los ilustrados del siglo XVIII prefigur&#243; la lucha de dos siglos entre estas dos tendencias pol&#237;ticas. La situaci&#243;n actual es consecuencia del triunfo del primero sobre el segundo. El punto nodal reside en la separaci&#243;n entre econom&#237;a y pol&#237;tica, entre estado y &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221; que inaugura la pol&#237;tica representativa parlamentaria, primero censitaria luego universal. Para Rousseau la legitimidad radica en que los ciudadanos participen efectivamente en el ejercicio del poder, no lo deleguen. El derecho individual de propiedad no es eliminado, sino subordinado al consenso leg&#237;timo. Es una formula de compromiso entre la democracia directa como expresi&#243;n de la &#8220;voluntad general&#8221;, es decir de la soberan&#237;a, y el derecho de propiedad. Por eso el fil&#243;sofo ginebrino pretend&#237;a establecer l&#237;mites al contrato interindividual, a la apropiaci&#243;n de riqueza, m&#225;s all&#225; del cual se encuentra el peligro de ruptura del contrato social y el predominio del derecho individual, la guerra de todos contra todos. Pero lo que no puede evitar es el derecho privado, base del contrato social y por lo tanto la separaci&#243;n entre el estado y &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221;. Por eso la democracia directa que expresa la voluntad general s&#243;lo pod&#237;a establecerse precariamente bajo las formas de la peque&#241;a propiedad, es decir la democracia del equivalente general y la producci&#243;n mercantil simple. En Marx est&#225; claro que un intercambio semejante s&#243;lo pod&#237;a desplegarse de su hegeliano &#8220;universal abstracto&#8221; al &#8220;universal concreto&#8221; bajo la forma capitalista plenamente desarrollada, es decir transformando la fuerza de trabajo en mercanc&#237;a y extendiendo la acumulaci&#243;n de capital mediante el usufructo de &#233;sta por el propietario de los medios de producci&#243;n, con lo cual quedaba al descubierto que la igualdad formal en la esfera de la circulaci&#243;n ocultaba una desigualdad sustancial en el terreno de la producci&#243;n. La democracia directa como voluntad general as&#237; entendida s&#243;lo pod&#237;a prosperar en la igualdad abstracta del intercambio mercantil. El ambiguo jacobinismo Roussoniano de la democracia ciudadana, s&#243;lo pod&#237;a afirmarse neg&#225;ndose en su especificidad hist&#243;rica. No es por casualidad que Marx se aproxima no a este contractualismo ingenuo, casi rom&#225;ntico ni a la multitud desagregada de Spinoza, sino a la potencia hist&#243;rica de Hegel, odiado hasta la sospecha por todos los autonomistas. Es que Hegel acusado de separar el estado de la &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221; comprende que es necesario superar (Aufhebung) sin abolir las relaciones puramente privadas, el mercado ya realizado, contra el mismo mercado pero para preservarlo. Y lo conserva super&#225;ndolo en un momento superior, a&#250;n contra la clase capitalista, mediante el estado como relaci&#243;n superior a la propiedad individual. Aunque las tesis de Hegel son infinitamente m&#225;s conservadoras que la metaf&#237;sica igualitaria de la democracia directa y comunal, sin embargo en el primero reside el desenvolvimiento hist&#243;rico concreto del estado capitalista; parafraseando a Hegel, era racional porque era real. Hegel separa al estado y la pol&#237;tica de las relaciones privadas, pero esto no es s&#243;lo un &#8220;programa filos&#243;fico&#8221; conservador, es al mismo tiempo una determinaci&#243;n concreta de la dominaci&#243;n capitalista, una &#8220;voluntad sustancial&#8221; que permite la reproducci&#243;n de la sociedad civil burguesa. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Hegel pretende superar el singular de la sociedad mercantil mediante un universal estatal. Marx va a demostrar que el estado basado en la sociedad mercantil no puede ser m&#225;s que el estado del capital, recusando con ello el car&#225;cter universal del estado burgu&#233;s y abriendo de esta forma el espacio para la cr&#237;tica de la econom&#237;a pol&#237;tica, del estado capitalista y su superaci&#243;n mediante la nueva figura moderna surgida no de alquimias sociales o abstracciones metaf&#237;sicas, sino del propio desenvolvimiento del capital, el proletariado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Una vez que se ha reconocido que la sociedad del intercambio mercantil es la sociedad asalariada del presente, polarizada en sus determinaciones de clase, el ejercicio de la democracia directa Roussoniana queda disuelta por el triunfo del derecho de propiedad. La concentraci&#243;n y centralizaci&#243;n del capital llevada a su potencia exponencial en la &#233;poca imperialista ha deshilvanado incluso en multiplicidad de casos el axioma liberal de la representaci&#243;n indirecta parlamentaria, suplant&#225;ndola por el comando directo del capital mediante golpes fascistas y bonapartistas. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Por eso para Marx la reabsorci&#243;n del estado en la &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221; s&#243;lo pod&#237;a lograrse mediante el derrocamiento revolucionario del estado burgu&#233;s y la transici&#243;n al socialismo como condici&#243;n para la superaci&#243;n de la divisi&#243;n social del trabajo y la separaci&#243;n de la esfera pol&#237;tica de la social. Negri debe aceptar que la ambig&#252;edad y la abstracci&#243;n roussoniana s&#243;lo puede ser sorteada mediante una utilizaci&#243;n pragm&#225;tica, caprichosa de su contenido filos&#243;fico3.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Que los marxistas reconozcamos la dualidad burguesa estado -&#8220;sociedad civil&#8221;, no implica que pueda ser superada disolviendo ambas en la &#8220;esfera de la subjetividad&#8221;, que no deja de ser, por otra parte, un &#225;mbito de la &#8220;sociedad civil&#8221;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Por eso la lucha de dos siglos no fue y no pod&#237;a ser entablada entre una democracia representativa cada vez m&#225;s recortada y una democracia directa de los ciudadanos abstractamente determinados (abstracci&#243;n antidial&#233;ctica que se contin&#250;a en la &#8220;sociedad del trabajo&#8221; con la incorporaci&#243;n de la figura del obrero masa y luego de la multitud), sino una lucha entre las clases antag&#243;nicas de la sociedad capitalista. Lo que el proletariado en estos 150 a&#241;os de lucha dio nacimiento es una democracia radicalmente distinta a la del igualitarismo atomizado. Ahora la oposici&#243;n al Ancien Regime s&#243;lo puede ser consecuentemente establecida sobre el poder de la clase trabajadora, es decir, sobre la base de la democracia directa de los productores. Hist&#243;ricamente se plasm&#243; en la autoorganizaci&#243;n de las masas mediante organizamos de doble poder basados en las unidades de producci&#243;n. El ejercicio espont&#225;neo de este poder de masas, obviamente, no se tradujo en una subjetividad autoreferencial, sino en una feroz lucha de clases por el poder estatal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTAS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1 Ver &#8220;Gram&#225;tica de la multitud&#8221;, Paolo Virno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2 &#8220;Crisis de la democracia representativa&#8221;, Ignacio Vila. Revista electr&#243;nica Rebeli&#243;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3 &#8220;&#8230;M&#225;s bien nos encontramos ante la ambig&#252;edad de Rousseau, la imposibilidad de resolver te&#243;ricamente su enigma y por tanto la decisi&#243;n pr&#225;ctica de decidir de forma tendenciosa y unilateral el sentido de su pensamiento&#8221;. Toni Negri, El Poder Constituyente, pag. 253. Ed. Libertarias/ Prodhufi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>A balance sheet of the political strategies of the left </title>
		<link>https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/A-balance-sheet-of-the-political-strategies-of-the-left</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/A-balance-sheet-of-the-political-strategies-of-the-left</guid>
		<dc:date>2003-01-01T15:55:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Am&#233;rica Latina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Argentina</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Introduction &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In the previous issues of Estrategia Internacional we pointed out that the situation in Argentina was characterized by a crisis of bourgeois hegemony, with the political institutions of the regime questioned by the mass movement and the ruling class was mired by internecine disputes. In this historical crisis, however, none of the classes or class factions in conflict were capable of imposing a complete victory upon their enemy. The general picture is somehow a &#034;strategic (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/International-Strategy-Review-19" rel="directory"&gt;International Strategy Review 19&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/America-Latina" rel="tag"&gt;Am&#233;rica Latina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Politica" rel="tag"&gt;Pol&#237;tica&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/Argentina-100" rel="tag"&gt;Argentina&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/5-Debates-de-estrategia" rel="tag"&gt;5 Debates de estrategia&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/9-Lucha-de-clases-en-Latinoamerica" rel="tag"&gt;9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the previous issues of Estrategia Internacional we pointed out that the situation in Argentina was characterized by a crisis of bourgeois hegemony, with the political institutions of the regime questioned by the mass movement and the ruling class was mired by internecine disputes. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In this historical crisis, however, none of the classes or class factions in conflict were capable of imposing a complete victory upon their enemy. The general picture is somehow a &#034;strategic tie&#034;, in which all contestants are bleeding out, the crisis of power remains unresolved and the ongoing revolutionary process is drawn out in time, with its ebbs and tides. The old parties of the regime are in crisis and deeply split. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In the meantime, new political phenomena have emerged; we speak of them as &#034;parties&#034; to mean rival class factions. First, we have the &#034;party&#034; of finance, the big private banks and the privatized utilities, which has been on the defensive after the fall of De la R&#250;a and the ensuing devaluation &#8212;Menem and L&#243;pez Murphy are both the main representatives, coming from two fractions of the traditional parties on the run. Menemism particularly seeks to recreate the no-longer existent conditions of 1990s capitalism. This faction has become weakened, because it is no longer reliable for the native oligarchy or the US State Department due to the rejection they arise in the society. However, this party should not be underestimated, because it is preparing, in the middle-term, to become a Bonapartist bulwark relying on a defeat of the mass movement. They also place their bets on a new upturn of the world economy that may bring about a new wave of direct investment, privatization and greater integration to the world economy via entry in the AFTA. By resorting to the demagogy of the 1990s &#034;stability&#034;, Menem has been able to reap some support among the poor strata of the population and within Peronism itself. Furthermore, his faction still has leverage both in institutions of the regime like the Supreme Court and the Congress. Last but not least, this quarter can be used by the US administration and the sharks of local finance as an instrument to blackmail and exert pressure against rival factions of the bosses that were benefited by the devaluation and the new capitalist cycle inaugurated by it. However, the overall balance of social and political forces is against them, and this section stands for now as a minority opposition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The second &#034;party&#034; represents those who promoted the devaluation of the peso, and reaped juicy benefits from the &#034;pesification&#034; of their debt &#8212;i.e., the conversion of dollar-pegged loans into pesos. Here we find the exporters and a certain group of bosses oriented to the domestic market. In spite of the strong disputes opposing this heterogeneous group with the first quarter, both have a strategic agreement on two points: the wages eaten away by inflation should remain low, and all corporate debts with foreign creditors, worth more than 60 billion dollars, should be converted into pesos and therefore dramatically reduced. The state-sponsored bail-out of corporate debts and the cut on the value of labor provoked by the inflation are two basic foundations to boost profits and begin a new expansion cycle. However, the rifts have appeared in full light. This faction is made up of a pro-Duhalde faction of Peronism, today in government, the remnants of the Radical Party, the Peronist union bureaucracy (both Daer and Moyano) who hailed the current devaluation, the political strand of Peronism around the populist governor, Rodr&#237;guez S&#225;a and those economists who devised the so-called 'Plan Phoenix'. This motley crew shares a view of a neo-developmental agenda driven by exports, devaluation and the protectionist barrier provided by a devaluated peso. The victory of Lula in Brazil is an incentive to relaunch the Mercosur, to widen the markets for exports and negotiate with the IMF from a stronger position. It is not true that multilateral agencias such as the IMF are opposed to this agenda. Quite otherwise, the IMF itself had insisted with devaluation, because the demise of convertibility has paved the way to boost exports, which in turn brought about a trade surplus and fresh cash into the state coffers. This resembles the agenda of the 1980s, and has been devised to allow to continuation of the payments of the foreign debt and enable US corporations to buy today's under-valued assets at knock-down prices. By raising the banners of &#034;production and work&#034;, the stronger faction in government today has nourished expectations on an economic recovery, keeping the dollar and inflation at bay by means of the manipulation of the currency. In this way, the tailspin of the economy has been stopped -defusing one of the factors behind the December uprising-, creating for now an unstable and jerry-built balance, just by putting off the main problems (foreign debt, bank restructuring, etc.). Thus, new actions of the mass movement have been written off, for the time being at least. The main drawback bearing down on this quarter in its attempt at launching a new accumulation cycle is the balance of forces with the mass movement, which is reflected in the wear-out of the whole political regime and the disputes within the ruling class, all against the background of a world recession. Yet, the &#034;devaluators&#034; will not be able to overcome the narrow foundations of capital accumulation in this country -they will rather reproduce those shortcomings that historically hampered it. This time, it will proceed against a bakground of mass unemployment, wages well below their value and a two-tier Argentina. The rhetoric of the &#034;left wing&#034; of this sector, those who devised the Plan Phoenix, who have postulated the need for a &#034;fairer distribution of wealth&#034; and a stronger domestic market, dream of returning to the Argentina of 30 or 50 years ago -an unlikely return if the current capitalist regime remains in place. The center-left ARI shares this perspective. We could say that the ARI is half-way between this group and strand of neo-reformism embodied in the 'opposition' trade union federation, the CTA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Indeed, to the left of the &#034;devaluation party&#034; stands the CTA, closely related to the ARI within the Frenapo (National Front Against Poverty). This third project for a reformist party is based on the same tenets than those of the &#034;devaluators&#034;; they have just raised criticisms as to the abrupt way in which devaluation was implemented, but they have never rejected it for what it is: a confiscation imposed on the people. Their coincidences with the Plan Phoenix come as no surprise, then, since they have agreed, right from from the start, that the Mercosur, the domestic market and the exports should all be rejuvenated to negotiate with the IMF. Little wonder, then, that Lula hailed the last CTA congress held in Mar del Plata, expressing his desire and conviction that &#034;Argentine workers&#034; will fight to boost and build the Mercosur. The CTA leadership has a rather peculiar view of what they call &#034;crisis of hegemony &#034;: according to it, the working class should build a new &#034;bloc of power&#034; with sections of the ruling class, just what Lula has done with the Brazilian bosses. The social base for such agenda are the state workers and the teachers -the bulwark of the CTA unions. However, the CTA's scarce implantation among wage earners of the private sector is a big hindrance: no new &#034;bloc of power&#034; can be built without them. Notwithstanding this, the CTA is a rival to be reckoned with, mainly due to the appaling discredit of the old-seasoned Peronist union bureaucracy and the crisis cutting across the Peronist party. They are not so much discredited as a union federation in the eyes of the mass movement, and their demand for a fairer distribution of the national rent along with their opposition to &#034;neoliberalism&#034; are naturally regarded by wide layers of the population with sympathy. Last but not least, they count on the political support coming from the Brazilian PT. Their neo-reformist and neo-developmental agenda has even enticed the Maoists of the Revolutionary Comunist Party (leaders of the CCC) and those political currents intervening in the new vanguard and social movements strategically leaning toward them: an increasingly neo-Keynesian CP, the Patria Libre or the countless self-proclaimed groups of &#034;revolutionary nationalism&#034;. All of them stand for class collaboration, regarding &#034;national liberation&#034; as an independent stage of the socialist revolution. All of them have been co-chairing the CTA for a long time now.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the reformist politics of the CTA have been questioned and rejected by a wide fringe of left-minded activists. It is made up of thousands of militants coming from various social movements, groupings of unemployed workers who have refused to be part of state-sponsored 'advisory councils', new anti-bureaucratic activists in a number of unions, the occupied factories challenging the pro-government policies of the MNER (National Movement of Reclaimed Companies), the Popular Assemblies who refused to take part of the CGPs (Centers of Administration and Participation) of the Buenos Aires county hall, human rights activists, artists, students' unions, etc. They have all been key actors of a whole series of struggles and movements that sprung up last year, which came all together in Plaza de Mayo to celebrate the first anniversary of December 2001 uprising. As the struggles of the mass movement ebbed, the neo-reformist tendencies grew stronger. But the continued existence of this major section of militants has forced the CTA to take them into account, and fight with them for the political representation of the new social developments and the widespread discontent of the population with both the government and the current regime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This wide fringe made up of the new militant forces that emerged in Argentina, in which all the strands of the left -i.e., the populists, the autonomists, the various movements of jobless, etc.- participate is the fourth 'party' -a heterogeneous lot as well. It is a social, rather than political expression of the December uprising, one that speaks for the new working class militants and militant unemployed workers, the impoverished middle classes and various urban strata.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The four sectors that we have charted are essentially transitory ones, just like the entire national situation, cut across by a number of political fault lines and struggles, showing that no combination of factions and parties has managed to prevail over the rest and portray their interests as the general interest of the society as a whole. Right in the heart of the militant vanguard of today there is an ongoing strategic dispute as to the combination of classes, parties and programs that will represent the historical interests of the working class movement and the popular sectors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Which social force will gain hegemony over the oppressed layers? What kind of party should be built? A unified course of struggle and the democratic organization of the vanguard movement are two basic things if the latter is to grow stronger and become an alternative for the mass movement. The programs and strategies of the various parties should be put to the scrutiny of the vanguard, but this is just the beginning, it is not political unity in itself. The political and ideological atomization prevail at the onset of the process, when the mass movement has not yet fought decisive battles. But in the heart of what we call the &#034;fourth party&#034; for the sake of description, the coexistence of heterogeneous political and ideological views is compounded by the lack of a radicalized and independent mass movement, which makes the vanguard more volatile. Thus, its potential political representation lacks a social base to use as a springboard for a struggle for power, and the perspective of a socialist revolution and building a revolutionary working class party are completely alien to it as well. But there can be no revolutionary party without a real revolutionary mass movement. This rather obvious conclusion has been, nevertheless, a rather controversial topic within the left.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is unquestionable that Argentina has been a true laboratory where different theories, programs and strategies forged in the previous stage have been put to the test of the class struggle in this new period. Although the developments in Argentina are still unfolding in front of our eyes, a year has passed from the popular uprising and it is necessary to draw a thorough-going balance sheet, both on the dynamics of the process and the programs and strategies raised toward it. The mass movement has not yet come back into action, but it will presumably do so in the next period ahead. The future of the revolutionary process will largely depend on the ability of the vanguard to draw upon revolutionary conclusions, and thus be able to to influence the mass movement with them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The common sense of the new social movements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The rather heterogeneous views and postulates of the so-called 'autonomism' have gained momentum among the political militancy, which mushroomed with the emergence of new militant and political strata last year. This phenomenon is not only a local ocurrence, but reflects an international development, in which the ideas postulated by Toni Negri, Paolo Virno and John Holloway have gained widespread acceptance, mainly within the anti-capitalist movement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The most variegated currents have espoused those views: strands of the jobless (MTDs) in the Greater Buenos Aires area, independent students' groupings, the political movement headed by Luis Zamora, and hundreds of Popular Assembly activists and diverse social movements. Although they might not claim a conscious allegiance to autonomism, or might not even have heard of autonomist intellectuals, their theoretical and political postulates have provided, de facto, an action guide for them. The spontaneous nature of the movement originated in the wake of the December 2001 uprising, plus a movement of popular assemblies reliant on wide gatherings and 'citizens', the exercise of direct democracy by wide layers of the population and their self-organization have all reinforced the common sense of thousands of activists, to the effect that the new processes described by the autonomist currents, their political strategies and the means they pursue, provide a more far-sighted and accurate response to the historical course of the Argentine developments. This perception has also been reinforced by the take-over of public spaces and democratic decision-making, on one hand, and a deep-going sociological development: most traditional unions and the organizations of the unemployed where by and large absent in the December shake-up, whereas the middle classes were at their core, prevailing over the millions of wage-earners in the months that followed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;State and revolution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The notion of 'counter-power' is a key concept of autonomism, a power that is exerted not in opposition to the powers-that-be, but as an alternative to them. This counter-power does not seek to smash the bourgeois state and seize power, a strategy put forward by 'the old traditional left-wing organizations', but to emancipate society by means of very same resources on which that counter-power is built upon. Beyond their nomeclature and categories, all these theories share the view those powers that are opposed to the powers-that-be, should not become 'institutionalized' or crystallized into a new power in any way. The minute they do so, they lose their autonomy and emancipating power, becoming a new ruling and oppressive power. For the autonomists the problem is not that of the withering away of the state, which becomes the expression of new globalized world relationships through the works of the Empire. The main issue at stake is the process by which the multitude's power, or that of counter-power build upon a here-and-now communism, here and now, through the immanent works of the 'multitude'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this regard, Argentina has been a proving ground, in terms of knowing if those views can respond to actual crises that bring the mass movement onto the scene. It was precisely in light of the Argentine process that autonomism postulated the power of the multitude and the new forms of 'subjectivity'. The refusal to seize state power flowed from this as well.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Argentina is a country where all the juridico-political relationships have been altered, with the bourgeois factions fighting tooth and nail over the spoils, with a widening abyss between the expropriated middle class and the urban poor on one hand and the political institutions of r&#233;gime on the other. It is a deeply polarized society with totally discredited social regime, in which the problem of political power becomes top priority. And this is not because the working class is about to conquer it, but because of the massive erosion of bourgeois power, which confronts the whole classes in society with the question of who has the power and who should have it. To be opposed, in these circumstances, to set out the fundamentals that shoould hasten the advent of workers' power is tantamount to helping the regime's survival and reinforcing capitalist domination in the last analysis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The autonomist strategy has resulted in an intrinsical inability, of anti-political nature, to respond to the maneuvers orchestrated by the r&#233;gime. Because in the realm of the day-to-day class struggle, the powers-that-be fight back by any means necessary. So, the dynamics of the real process that started with the December uprising has given the lie to the autonomists' denial of politics. Although for the time being a serious systemic crisis remains in place, the government has managed, by means of demagoguery and relief schemes, to stave off new uprisings of the starving urban poor, isolating the picketers' vanguard from the millions of unemployed workers. Furthermore, it has succeeded in preventing the debacle of the economy, which was the driving force behind the December uprising, downloading the burden of the crisis onto the shoulders of the wage-earners and the urban poor by means of the devaluation of the currency. It has also bailed out debt-ridden capitalists, preventing a widespread crack of banks and held on to the reins of power through a critical, convulsive and uncertain transition, shoring up the beleaguered political institutions of the old regime against the wishes of majority ('all of them out'). The totally discredited union leaderships have also retained power and held down the working class movement by playing up on the 'unemployment scare'. On the other hand, the new militant developments of the last few months have not only been unable to expand, but they have become more isolated as well. This is the case of the people's assemblies. In the meantime, the picketers' movement has been more and more subordinated to the tutelage of the state.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How are we to understand this dialectical evolution unless we resort to the Marxist formula stating that the ruling class should be displaced from state power, or else sooner or later it will strike back imposing new defeats against the mass movement? For the time being, the ruling class has been forced to resort to deception and maneuvers, but sooner or later they will try and impose lasting defeats. The watershed is still ahead of us, though, and the ruling class remains crisis-ridden and deeply divided. The mass movement has not yet fought decisive battles and the classes are mired in a catastrophic stalemate. By the same token, the tempo of the Argentine process will be longer than that of other revolutions, which gives the working class movement extra time to rejuvenate its forces, allowing for the ripening of a militant revolutionary vanguard as well. But this can only grow wiser by drawing the proper conclusions from its experience in the class struggle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although autonomists accuse both reformists and revolutionaries of 'worshipping the state', the truth is that the autonomist movement coincides with reformism or 'the progressive strand of politics' on many questions. Their most important common ground, of course, lies in their mutual rejection of socialist revolution and workers' power altogether. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The reformists, the current CTA leaders among them, also seek 'to politicize society and socialize politics'; they also preach on the 'transformation of society' and 'social change', but they reject the revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist class. Some may seek to enforce it via participation in the state, whereas others might set up self-managed undertakings within 'civil society '; they both share a fundamental coincidence, mainly in our country, where the issue of political power is not just a theoretical truism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the other end of the political spectrum, we see the Movimiento Socialista de Trabajadores (MST) and the Communist Party, who have been the champions of the 'constituted power', either by putting forward a Constituent Assembly of constitutional nature, supposedly 'imposed from below' but actually convened 'from above', without a revolutionary overthrow of the regime, or else out of outright electoral opportunism. The MST proposed, for instance, the MP Zamora to form a joint electoral front, right from the first semester of this year, when millions were chanting on the streets 'all of them out' and the likelihood existed that Duhalde's government could be ousted. At the same time, new reactionary solutions were being cooked up, and all this happened against the background of what the MST itself considered an ongoing 'democratic revolution'. This move showed the constitutional illusions and the feverish electoral opportunism of this current, which placed all its bets to the 'momentuous chance' of getting a big 'red caucus' in parliament rather than the revolutionary potential flowing from the situation itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The State and direct democracy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Consistent with our characterization of the current period as one of a crisis of bourgeois power, we along with those who claim allegiance to the legacy of revolutionary Marxism have encouraged the development of bodies of direct democracy of workers as a sort of embryonic dual power, i.e., the anticipation of a new power, that of the workers and the people. Such organs of workers' democracy should operate on the basis of a direct democracy of citizens, relying on whole chunks of the population, both in the countryside and the cities. The perspective of an alliance between the workers and the people, throught bodies rallying both producers and consumers and diverse layers of the exploited , is a prerrequisite for the victory of revolution. But a direct democracy of a popular nature will not mean the proletariat is set to loose its central role by fading into a 'multitude of citizens'. Quite on the contrary, it will allow the latter to become part of a proletarian revolution -a process that will not be free of contradictions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The huge civic explosion that followed the break of the middle class layers with the Alliance government, and the events of December themselves, are both a clear indication that their social, economic and cultural influence, pushes these heterogeneous social layers in the direction of participation in revolutionary developments. Furthermore, they are set to nurture -and the popular assemblies are a living proof of this- urban and regional bodies with a key role. It is very likely that as a militant working class movement gains momemtum in an unfolding revolutionary process, bodies of direct democracy based on production units will spring up, standing alongside communal-styled bodies. The different combinations and specific bodies that might develop will all be shaped by the process. The emergence and growth of the people's assemblies, regardless of their ups and downs, relies on a revolutionary foundation, i.e. the shift of the middle classes to the opposition of the r&#233;gime, in a move that paves the way for the workers and people's alliance. This alliance has been hindered ever since the last revolutionary upheaval in Argentina -the so-called 'Cordobazo'; the different classes rallied behind those parties historically speaking for them, the Radical and Peronist parties. The drives toward a democratic organization along territorial lines, the outright rejection of state cooptation and the active participation in public politics are all expressions of a break with the old ruling political institutions. But this break has been much more violent and conscious among the middle class than in the working class movement. The latter remained out of the streets in the momemtuous events of December has lagged behind in the following period, fuelling the illusion that out of the heart of the popular assemblies, based on direct democracy, and whatever the class nature of a new power in Argentina, a new power was in the making. A powe that was independent both from the capitalist class and the working class movement. The time had come for the power of a Rousseaunian-styled direct democracy wrapped up in autonomist robes, one speaking for civil society, the citizens and an spontaneous, fragmented multitude.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This ideology pervaded as well the unemployed workers movement, given their non-structural and territorial organization. The slogan of the &#034;picketers and pot-bangers&#034; together not only expressed the alliance between the two most active and militant sectors in these days, but also had an autonomist twist in that the unemployed workers movement was regarded as a sui generis &#034;citizens' movement&#034;, which organized their own life and subjectivity, an expression of both counter-power and the overcoming of waged labor and the law of value. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
But within a 'society of work', a democracy reliant on the assemblies, bearing no control of the means of production, no matter how 'direct' it is, cannot be other than a formal ruse. The purpose of a masses' democracy is to establish - by taking control of all the productive forces and the media- the power of decision, planning, control, verification and correction of the reproduction of social life as a whole for their own benefit. The scattered strata of the population at large -the petty bourgeoisie among them- do not have access to the main means of production so as to introduce that kind of democracy. Only by expropriating a capitalist power flowing from the relations of production will the toilers -the associated producers envisaged by Marx-, exert their full capacity to decide on a production for their own lives -the power to exert that kind of control lie within the capitalist production in the factories, the service companies, the offices. Every major strike, especially those in the main branches of the economy, is a direct challenge against capital. Whenever a section of the working class movement, not to speak of a movement encompassing industry as a whole, gets organized in their workplaces, coordinating on a local and national level in order to wage a serious struggle against capital, bodies of self-determination of labor emerge. Factory councils, committees, coordinating bodies, up to their most developed expression, Russian-styled Soviets, all pose a fundamental challenge as to who controls the levers of the economy, political power and the state.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Such a drive was by and large absent in the revolutionary days of December and later on, except for small expressions and vanguard groupings like the Alto Valle coordination body, sponsored by the ceramic workers at Neuqu&#233;n. This was the Achilles' heel of the revolutionary upheaval back then, and this shortcoming led us to regard it not as an insurrection or a 'revolution', as other currents did. We believed it was unlikely that a new and deeper revolutionary crisis could immediately throw bourgeois power into disarray. However, the lack of a centralized proletarian intervention at the onset of the process provides a countervailing example: a true counter-power set to nurture a new emancipated society can only be based, especially in an urban and industrial country such as Argentina, in the millions of workers that make up society. Autonomism does not stand for a proletarian, sovietic, revolutionary strategy to win over those millions of wage-earners, and cannot therefore point to an anti-capitalist solution for the Argentine crisis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Views on the State and direct democracy among the socialist left&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whereas the autonomists have extolled the virtues of direct democracy and self-management, regarding them from a purely 'citizen' standpoint, the political currents such as the MST and the Partido Obrero have turned their backs on this enormously progressive process. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The PO has posed the question of political power, but in opposition to the autonomists, their emphasis was on reaching political agreements between tendencies, rather promoting and encouraging the self-organization and direct democracy of the working class, as a way of proclaiming themselves the political leadership 'of the mass movement'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is most surprising that these currents, which have churned out red-hot revolutionary prognoses, never fight to encourage the creation of such bodies. If the question of political power remains a key and yet unresolved issue, what kind of power should the masses establish then? It has been insisted that soviets cannot be built artificially, beyond and above the will and initiative of the mass movement. Of course, we are not out to invent them. Our duty is to spot the embryonic forms of these in the natural tendencies at work within the masses and their more militant sections, which should allow us to bring together more and more layers coming out on struggle for their demands. The various sectors on struggle have once and again demanded a united front of the workers and the jobless, trying to win the solidarity of the middle classes and assemblies for the occupied factories. In them lay the embryos with a potential for building coordination bodies, of a democratic and representative nature, on a local and regional level, to make the class struggle more effective. The Coordination Body in Neuqu&#233;n has shown this potential is for real, a means for enhancing the authority and the prestige of the most militant sections in the eyes of the masses still passive. All this is just the ABC of a genuine Leninist perspective. However, it has been totally abandoned by those currents claiming allegiance to a working-class and sosialist tradition. The PO has not yet been able to respond to this elementary but decisive issue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The last congress of the PO made hardly any mention of the kinds of organs to be built, the ways to help them develop, etc. Perhaps the party or a front of parties is regarded as the spokesperson for workers' power; maybe the party is considered, like the old MAS believed, to have the ability of encompassing mass organizations within it. All these postulates entail a deliberate mix-up between potential mass organs that may lay the foundations of a new state, on one hand, and the party as the political vanguard of the masses, on the other. And this mix-up pervades the currents of the picketers' movement, which have not been organized on a regional and national level with freedom of tendencies within them, so that the vanguard can choose from the programs and political strategies raised by the diverse currents. Instead, a 'mass' organization is set up by seeking reliance on state relief, and it toes the line of the political party that is standing behind it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The PO has walked out of the only serious attempt made to establish a united front, the Alto Valle Coordination Board, sponsored by ceramic workers of Neuqu&#233;n, just because the latter did not toe the line of the National Assembly of Workers. The NAW could have been a starting point to set up more organizations like that of Neuqu&#233;n, but the PO just hampered this perspective. As a result, the NAW rallies only a minority of the vanguard, with some influence among sections of unemployed workers but a negligible one among labor. On the other hand, its delegates are not voted in a democratic fashion; they are just hand-picked among the various tendencies operating insided it -workers' democracy has been by and large absent. They even denied the delegates representing Brukman and Zanon the right to speak on the basis that 'you are not active members', in a move that shows that the NAW is more a political bloc than a true Coordination body, let alone a 'Soviet'. It is evident that the agreement between picketers' tendencies has obliterated the task of building democratic organs of the masses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, from a socialist point of view, political power cannot be separated from organs of direct democracy and dual power. 'The history of the workers' revolutions has shown, once and again, that the basis of a new political power are laid from below, with the latter becoming more centralized and relying on local grassroots bodies, which in turn become a lever to rally the mass movement. This was the case, among other examples, of the Soviets in the Russian revolution, of the German, Hungarian and Italian workers' councils; the committees of revolutionary Spain.'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The struggle for a new state entails a tendency to do away with the social division of labor, relying on the active participation of millions in the administration of the State and raising the cultural level of the masses of the population. Only by proceeding along these lines will the proletariat become a ruling class, i.e., as a conscious subject aware of its own destiny. But those remarkable premises are not created overnight, they must be set out on the eve of the revolution, and blossom through experience, having been fertilized by the practical and political education provided by the revolutionary organizations in previous stages. Above all, they must pass the crucial tests of political power before the revolution unfolds, during the phase of dual power, by taking over the factories, organizing food distribution, organizing self-defense. In this process, workers will opt for a program and a strategy they regard as the most accurate ones for the development of the revolutionary perspective. Without this previous experience, a workers' government might as well become a wretched caricature that might succumb to the rule of a bureaucracy standing well above the interests of labor. The experience of the Stalinist bureaucracies, i.e., the police-styled control of power by a parasitic layer stuffed with social and political privileges speaking in the name of 'the party of the working class', which went over to restoring capitalism, is a lesson we should never forget. Specially those currents claiming allegiance to Trotskyism, which strongly denounced the bureaucratic deformations and the prosecutions mounted by the Stalinists, should put forward a perspective based on a conscious self-activity of the masses, seeking to develop a direct democracy of producers, to help workers become the main actors and empower them to stand as the leaders of all the exploited layers of society. The substitution of mass organs by the party is the clearest sign of a centrist and bureaucratic deviation, which brings about practical political consequences immediately, the first and most immediate one being an adaptatioin to the bourgeois regime. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
When you are out to build the party over and above the needs and the advance of the class struggle, of class consciousness, you might as well end up destroying or boycotting any organization not controlled by your own party (for example, the PO and the CP regarding the Meeting of Occupied Factories called by Brukman and Zanon). On top of that, artificial organizations toeing party lines are created, even if they stand at odds with organized but 'rebel' strands of the vanguard (the non-existent 'meeting of occupied factories' organized by the PO at Grissinopoli plant, in which the hosting factory alone participated). Furthermore, this leads to a peaceful coexistance with the state, to strengthen the organization abandoning radical methods and programme, which are just resorted to for the sake of propaganda (welfare payment and food provision were transformed in ultimate goals of the unemployed workers&#180; movement) . Therefore, a working class policy is turned into cheap bourgeois dealings and wheelings to gain sets in the parliament, the unions and the students' federation, as a goal in themselves but not as a revolutionary platform (the strategic alliance of the MST and the CP in United Left with the only purpose of gaining legislators, which goes hand in hand with opportunistic agreements in unions and within the students' movement). Last Christmas, we saw the FUBA (Buenos Aires University Students' Union) convene a congress in which not a single student participated, devoid of any political discussion and relying on the support of the bourgois Franja Morada to retain the leadership.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The consequence of this is the prevailance of one's own apparatus, the lack of ideas, pragmatism and not very clean bargainings with the institutions of the bourgeois regime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The MAS, for its part, has accused all those who do not share their complete revision of the analyses, characterizations and programme put forward by Trotsky against the Stalinist bureaucracy in the 1930s, as incapable of standing by a policy of workers' democracy and a democratic socialism. Curiously, they have not put forward any soviet-styled strategy whatsoever, without which workers' democracy is turned into cheap bourgeois democratism. Little wonder,then, that the MAS has just written off the perspective of the dictatorship of the proletairat. What kind of democracy, what kind of self-government can be established without an effective control of power by the working class based on soviet-type organs?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For different reasons, both autonomist currents as well as those claiming allegiance to workers' and socialist perspective, have failed to hammer out a programme and a theoretical framework to endow the movement with hard-rock democratic organizations for struggle, embryos of workers and peoples' power that are indispensable if the masses are to wrestle power away from the hands of the bourgeoisie. There can be no revolution without a party, but there can be no revolution without organizations of dual power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The struggle against unemployment and the transitional programme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a country with more than three million unemployed workers and many more under precarious labor conditions, the issue of unemployment is a central aspect of any revolutionary programme. In the past months this issue has also been a test for the different strategies and programmes being raised. The financial collapse and the ensuing devaluation, after four years of recession, have dealt a death blow to the informal economy. In this situation of unheard-of polarization and social decline, never seen in this country, wide sections of the urban poor have been push to rely on precarious subsistence economies, mostly the jobless, who have started their own production in their neighborhoods.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The pundits of autonomism have rushed to describe such practice as a growing movement of liberation from waged exploitation altogether. These self-managed activities were labeled as 'an alternative to capitalist exploitation' and spaces for the reproduction of social life beyond capital, producing a new 'non-alienated subjectivity'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To think that the idle strands of the working class can reproduce themselves via subsistence undertakings of the small unemployed workers' movement that have gone for self-management, on the fringes of capital, is tantamount to retreat even from Proudhon's views, relapsing into the utopias of the agrarian communist sects of the sixteenth century. To put it straight, the fundamental means of production in this country -energy, oil, big food makers, the metal works, the banks- are all in the hands of capital. How can we take the people out of misery without taking over those huge resources? How to take them back unless we wage a relentless class struggle, one with the workers of that same industry and companies as its main actor? How are we to take them back unless we defeat the state protecting them?&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
A few months ago we insisted in that 'it is impossible to even think of putting an end to the present state of affairs and meet the needs of the mass movement without challenging the forces of the bourgeois state, seizing power and expropriating the massive social wealth accumulated in the hands of a bunch of parasites, which thanks to the anarchy of capitalist production, block progress and bring in increased starvation, poverty and degradation for most of the population'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is undoubtedly the only realistic perspective. The MTDs (Movement of unemployed workers) in the Greater Buenos Aires area have just found out that waged labor can be superseded, not by destroying capitalism, but standing on the fringe of it, putting an end to starvation not with the techniques and the science of the twenty-first century, but rather with the introduction of pre-capitalist domestic economies. And this in the century of 'immaterial work' and 'cognitive capital'! Finding a solution to chronic employment entails trascending the restricted and dependant character of capital accumulation in this country, i.e., a rational and democratic planning of the productive forces, which entails overcoming dependence and capitalist anarchy altogether. The logical conclusion of this is the expropriation of the expropriators. Workers are relentlessly driven out of production because of such a pattern of accumulation, which provokes both an increasing destruction of productive forces and a heightened social polarization. To transform that anomaly into a foundation for freedom and the undoing of alienation amounts to a rather obscene celebration of the capitalist offensive of the past 25 years. The individual worker does not 'free' himself from capitalist exploitation when expelled from the capitalist process of value creation, nor is it a prerequisite for its advent. It is just capital doing its work, gaining extra value in this way, thus reinforces its control over the whole capitalist process.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To oppose to the reduction of working hours and a share-out of them, and stand for a state-sponsored 'citizen's allowance' (welfare payment) is completely in line with the type of restricted and dependant capitalist accumulation so common in peripheral countries, and totally in accordance with the reactionary policies of governments today. We communists do not worship work just as it is, neither do we celebrate the 'dignity of work' along the lines of the Peronist and syndicalist tradition. But it is evident that the opposition to waged labor should start from demanding cuts into capitalist profits, a growing control of production processes and a steady decrease of working hours as new technology is introduced. The conquest of leisure means to conquest abundance, rather than mass unemployment, destitution, poverty and wretched living conditions. In this reactionary philosophy of the autonomists lies their organic inability to set out a programme and a strategy to unite the unemployed with the workers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first condition to conquer free time is, paradoxically, putting the bulk of workers to work by sharing out working hours with an average wage worth the cost of reproduction of the labor force. Under the current conditions, this entails cutting drastically into capitalist profits, fighting directly against capital and its state. It is a fundamental premise for the socialization of the means of production, being the only safeguard of the physical and moral preservation of the producers of all existent social wealth, to preserve the potential of the working class to overcome the capitalist mode of production.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The illusions of the autonomists bear dramatic consequences, because in a country with more than three million unemployed workers, communal undertakings to grow vegetables and make bricks can only be considered as minor trenches of a more far-reaching class war for the control of the productive forces as a whole. This requires a programme to bring together the working class as a whole, to weld the common interests of the workers and the jobless by raising an anti-capitalist programme. However, the organizations rallying the unemployed workers -not only those autonomist-minded ones-, which have been part of a wide vanguard of struggle, have for their part failed to raise a strategy to come together with millions of wage-earners. The programme raised at the uprising of Cutral C&#243; -'work for all'- has been dropped in favor of immediate demands for welfare and food provisions, which in turn have been used to mount productive undertakings, the quintessential tenet of 'non-alienated' work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In turn, the unemployed workers movements oriented by the left have not been able to offer an alternative in this regard. It can hardly be said they have been even one step ahead. Many times it seems otherwise, as long as their strategy seems more and more subordinate to getting whatever is possible within the limits set by the government by means of the welfare plans, food provision, lunchrooms and community dining rooms. The transitional program has been replaced by a minimum program, just when we are witnessing the worst capitalist crisis ever in national history. Those movements not affiliated to any political current, many of them in the interior and sometimes of a more spontaneous nature than their counterparts in Buenos Aires, like those in Mosconi or Neuqu&#233;n, have raised the demand for genuine work much more consistenly. For all their rhetoric against the government and the state, the truth is that those movements of unemployed workers to the left of the picketers' bureaucracy led by Messrs, D'Elia and Alderete (which have build up their muscle in the demonstrations), have nevertheless been progressively tamed through a public agenda of state relief. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The PO has raised hue and cry over this characterization of the PTS, accusing us of regarding the unemployed workers as 'classless and marginal', 'outcasts', of setting the jobless against the workers, of 'standing by a political strategy that disregards the jobless', and of wanting to separate Brukman and Zanon workers from the 'declass&#233;' . It goes without a saying that resorting to slanders will not bring us any closer to solving this issue. The whole question remains, since most picketers' movements, included the one led by the PO, have dropped the demands for genuine work and a share-out of all working hours altogether. Out went the demand for a plan of public works controlled by the workers to meet social needs as well -as everyone knows, these demands have remained a dead letter, because they have never been fought for in the real struggles. Thus, the only program that can bridge the gap separating the workers from their brothers and sisters that are out of work, and bring them into collision course with the state and the capitalists has been unceremoniously thrown out of the window. The actual practice of the movement has been guided by a minimum program, thus writing off the demands it raised when it was born. In doing so, the PO and other unemployed movements turn unemployment into a fait accompli &#8212;i.e., a tacit acceptance of the capitalist relationships of production in their current historical circumstances&#8212; and the unemployed are given the role of asking workfare schemes from the state, not even a payment equivalent to the shopping basket (which has also been dropped). The PO has gone as far as proclaiming that the demand for 'welfare payment and food provisions', when 'addressed to the state means a combat against the powers-that-be on a national, provincial and municipal level' . If a minimum demand for state relief challenges per secapitalist political power, we could then say that the transitional program is now outlived. But this is not true. The past few months have clearly shown that a widespread minimum state assistance is compatible with the bourgeois state itself, and it was also used by the government presiding over such state to stave off new uprisings and even to regain some social support though the manipulation of a clientele. The World Bank itself recommends handing over such relief schemes to policymakers in semicolonial countries. As a matter of fact, this is what Lula has just announced in Brazil, although the PO was not there 'to wrestle them from him' and prove that Lula is at odds with capitalism. If the PO means what they say on this issue, they should seriously reconsider their characterization of the CTA-sponsored plan as neo-keynesian.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Handing over relief is not incompatible with capitalism. Still more, it can be used to coopt the most combative movements, to wipe out the methods of direct action as blocking the circulation of goods through road blockades (a measure frequently resorted to in the beginning), and prevent millions of unemployed workers from demanding what truly attacks the heart of capitalism, the share-out of working hours. And this can only be achieved by means of programmatic, political and organizational unity among the workers and the unemployed workers. The PO believes it has done its share already, gaining a pardon for its sins in passing, because they 'work closely connected with the working class movement, as shown in the defense of the occupied factories (Brukman, Lavalan)'. But this speaks rather unfavourably of them, because to reduce the strategy of uniting workers and the jobless to a solidarity action, means to acknowledge the lack of a proletarian perspective. The PO sees a pipedream scenario when they claim that 'the Picketers in Argentina have broken the capitalist attempt at playing workers against each other through competition'. This competition is alive and kicking: the government has put thousands of jobless on workfare schemes to work in positions in local county halls and the private sector -an inevitable drift in a country with millions of unemployed workers with a tendency to push the cost of the labor force even lower. This has been pushed through regardless of the picketers' movements' rejection of attempts at torpedoing bargainings and their defense of wages.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This division of the working class movement accounts for many of the hardships suffered by labor today, which might be overcome striving to achieve working class unity and a trascending of the capitalist state. The starting point should be, then, to make the working class come together on a programmatic, political and organizational basis, bridging the divisions nourished by capitalism: that close alliance can be seen at work at Zan&#243;n, whose workers have come together with the MTD of Neuqu&#233;n. Alas! the PO is lagging far behind them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As long as the program of the first unemployed workers' uprisings of 1996-97 is not taken up and codified along revolutionary lines; as long as no close organic unity with all swathes of the working class, particularly its more combative sections, is built, the movements of the unemployed run the risk of being institutionalized as corporative-styled organizations, thus losing their early revolutionary edge of seven years ago. Last but not least, we should point out that this bizarre idea of the picketers being a new distinct social subject has been espoused both by the autonomists and the PO. We have already taken issue with with this idea somewhere else. Here, we want to add that the perspective of a general strike as a working class method has been written off altogether as well. However, for more than two months the PO announced a new 'Argentinazo' for December 20th, on the day of the first anniversary. They believed that peaceful protests, without the millions of workers bursting onto the scene with their own methods, with an insurrectional general strike, could bring down Duhalde and re-enact the revolt that ousted De la R&#250;a, this time on a superior level.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Factory occupations and workers' control&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The process of factory occupations and workers administration are without doubt two developments with the biggest revolutionary potential ever since last December. This trend challenges capitalist property directly, putting the right to work well above property rights, eroding by its natuere the free will of capital and the bourgeois legal order. As in all the advanced developments of the class struggle, a difference arouse between a drive to institutionalize the process and those pursuing an independent agenda in these factories. The first strand is that led by a lawyer, Mr. Caro, and his National Movement of Reclaimed Companies (MNER), closely bound to the Church and Peronism, who has encouraged expropriation acts favorable to the bankrupt bosses, with compensation payments, a rent of the premises of the plant, an expropriation limited in time, etc. The other tendency was represented by the Brukman and Zanon workers, who stick to workers' control and demand a nationalization without compensation.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Regardless of these differences, the new development of factories occupied by their workers has boosted the view, already present within the unemployed movement, of going for a self-management of production. Autonomism considers this movement to be part of a new subject, one beyond post-Fordism, just like the picketers, casual workers and the ruined small-sized producers. And just like the productive undertaking mounted by the MTD, these sectors deemed bound to produce their own lives, their own subjectivity. In this way, this small sector of labor, which has taken over small and medium-sized companies driven against the wall by the slump, are torn apart from the rest of the 'Fordist' wage-earners.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this case, the illusions of self-management on the fringes of the market are more harmful than those nourished by subsistence undertakings. In factories like Zan&#243;n, it is not self-consumption that dictates the tempo of production, but the demand of the market, production costs, the renewal of machinery, the price of raw materials, i.e., the capitalist market. And this means that, although to a certain extent there is greater freedom, self-awareness and non-alienation in these exemplary struggles, they depend entirely on developments well outside the factory itself. This contradiction can only be worked out successfully by in two ways. The first means accomodation to the capitalist market, the law governing trade, bringing in the self-exploitation of workers in their strive to achieve competitiveness and hiring new workers for a wage, in the medium term, to gain a greater share of the market and lower costs &#8212;the agenda for capitalist adaptation raised by Dr. Caro. The second way is to spread the process toward big industry and the service companies, seeking reliance on the further development of the class struggle. Although autonomism rejects, as a rule, the institutionalization (instituted power) of the reclaimed factories into cooperatives, their own logic pushes them in that direction nevertheless, because they refuse to fight for nationalization, economic planning and the centralization of the means of production, finally rejecting a new workers' and popular power. For a company to remain in business along the lines of 'self-management', it must enter the arena of the market and join the dog-eat-dog war out there. The postulate of a small-scale socialism of proprietors is not new, besides. The French anarchist Proudhon codified it as a program for the working class more than 150 years ago. This petty bourgeois socialism devised by Proudhon undestood that property in itself was mere robbery. However, it could cease to be so on condition that certain social reforms were introduced, such as work coupons. In Marx's words, these ideas codify 'a pious wish to do away with money by means of money, of exchange value by means of exchange value, of merchandise by means of the merchandise and the bourgeois form of production'.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Self-management, just like the autonomists understand it, can only push the occupied factories down the road of cooperativism and their accomodation to the capitalist market, this time like proprietors with almost full rights. It pushes the workers in the occupied factories away from the rest of the class, transforming the wage-earners into 'partners' &#8212;the ideal goal for every single autonomist bent on 'abolishing' waged labor within capitalism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Those capitalist methods of labor management can only be confronted with socialist ones, which rely on the class struggle and a conscious preparation, by spreading workers' control and other forms of dual power up to a fight for power.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Self-management and the cooperatives can be introduced -with mixed results - in small companies with a medium or low technological level and capital investment. It is reasonable to think that the owners of big factories will resist any attempt at expropriation, up to include a civil war. Workers should also borrow huge amounts of capital to put constant capital to work. The issue of who possesses the big banks, the energy suppliers, etc., would arise immediately. At the same time, as we have said, we seek to overcome capitalist anarchy and take over the main levers of production to snap the country out of its ruin. In fact, the factories that today are occupied by their workers are an extraordinary lever, not just to 'self-manage' themselves along autonomist lines, i.e., in a capitalist way, but as a step forward to encourage workers' control and challenge private property in big industries, the privatized utilities and the banks. At the end of the day, the task is to go for class-minded, anti-bureaucratic leaderships and develop the embryos of a new revolutionary labor movement. Workers control or direct labor administration in nationalized companies will thus be a school for socialist control and administration, educating workers in those issues hitherto in the hands of the bosses, creating in these same factories organs of dual power in the process. The growth of this development relies entirely on the class struggle and the balance of forces at large, not on legal technicalities and property forms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Different variations of this model have been devised, more realistic ones, because they think not in terms of a single factory but in networks of companies, in those tiers with medium to low levels of technology. A move that means some sort of primitive socialist accumulation within the capitalist market. Yet, to think that a subsystem of medium technology can resist the pressure of big business is just a pipedream. What is interesting about this idea is that the working class movement appears as capable of confronting big business in its own terrain, on the grounds of the law of value rather than in a revolutionary class struggle. A lot has been said about the distance separating the original accumulation originated of a rising propertied class like the bourgeoisie, which prepared its own political revolution, and the kind of accumulation the working class is forced to do, since it owns nothing except for its own labor force. Such accumulation is of a very different nature, being mostly political and ideological.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The truth is that the occupied factories are an unstable phenomenon, and they have survived due to an unremitting economic and political crisis on one hand, and the militancy and the social, material and political support they received from the population at large, on the other. However, we must bring clarification on a strategy to avoid defeat or their accomodation to the capitalist market, and how are we to make such movement spread to the most important branches of production and the services. The left-wing currents have also failed to provide an alternative to the reformist cooperatives or to the 'self-management'-prone autonomists in this regard. By and large, the left has remained on the sidelines of this process, and where they managed to get some influence, such as the MST in the Junin Clinic in Cordoba, they have essentialy put forward the same programme of cooperatives. Indeed, the MST has even advocated cooperatives in those cases where a bogus 'expropriation' amounted to a bail-out of the bosses and a heavy load for workers (Ghelco and others). Apart from that, there have consistently failed to come up with any serious reflection on this.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The PO has made a turn-about between the months of June and July, but as usual, they have not made it openly. So far, the PO had stood by the nationalization of all the companies that shut down and laid off their workers, which subsequently started production under workers' control. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The perspective of nationalization was an extension of the program raised for the big privatized companies, the energy and oil suppliers and the banks. But from then onwards, they have figured out that anyone who stands by the nationalization of the occupied factories is guilty of 'bourgeois &#233;tatisme', a criticism curiously in tune with those raised by the autonomists that led them to flirtation with the cooperatives and to formulating a common proposal on the Grissinopoli food-making plant with the Peronist and center-left legislators . The agenda for the nationalization of the banks and key corporations arises out of the need to concentrate the productive resources and put them to work, not for the sake of private profit, but to meet social needs. Of course, the state-owned enterprises of the past were instrumental to capitalist accumulation -they were means for a redistribution of the agrarian rent towards local capitalists. But the slogan of the nationalization of those enterprises does not seek a return to the old state of affairs. Instead, it postulates that the workers and the consumers should take over them, and is connected to a string of anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist demands -i.e. a program that only a workers' government could make good of. So, this is a demand for nationalization of a capitalist non-state on the grounds of a revolutionary mass struggle. There is not much to say about this, it all boils down to the historical agenda of Marxists, this time adapted to the deep crisis afflicting our country. And it remains valid not only for those big economic branches, but also for those companies that the bosses have led to bankruptcy through fraudulent proceedings, because it is just all about preserving the forces of the working class as such, preventing shut-downs and their exploitation -this time not at the hands of an individual capitalist but by the capitalists as a class though competition in the market in the shape of a cooperative. When the Partido Obrero reproaches the Zan&#243;n workers that they want a 'new boss: the state', they just forget the fact that the proletariat does not reclaim the property of any given capitalist owner; it does not strive to become 'their own bosses' along the lines of a cooperative; it just reclaims ownership of the whole means of production -i.e., state power. Insofar as that perspective is not a short-term possibility, the generalization of that experience can only proceed though the spread of workers' control to all the branches of production; it cannot be a piecemeal evolution growing over from one factory to the next. The program raised by the ceramic workers, demanding workers' control, a public works' scheme to create new jobs for the unemployed and integrate the productive process between construction workers, the schools, the hospitals, etc, pursues a generalized participation of labor and the masses in the immediate task of finding a solution for unemployment and also in economic planning at large, over and against capitalist profit. Furthermore, a string of nationalized enterprises under workers' control might be able to become integrated to various production branches as state suppliers, beyond the turnover of such undertakings. What people fail to see is that the independence from the capitalist state does not flow from the certificate of property (state-owned, private). Instead, it flows from an independent political organization of labor, which much be underpinned by workers' control. However, workers' control might be of use, on some occasion, for those individual capitalist being controlled, as long as workers as forced to look for scarce raw materials, find new customers, etc, in a drive that might turn workers' control into participation in private profits. Be it state-owned, private or else transitorily self-managed, a factory under workers' control can be an effective lever only if it orients itself to spreading the movement and challenges capitalist power altogether. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Outright rejection of nationalization, whatever form it takes, poses the following question: what shall we do with economic surpluses? The ceramic workers are striving to put their factory to work in line with social needs, which requires that those surpluses should be earmarked for expanding production, building houses and hospitals, etc, regardless of the profits yielded by the factory itself. And this, in turn, requires support coming from the state on the basis of taxation of the rich and other cuts into profits. But as an independent enterprise, a self-managed one, although the state might purchase all its production, that surplus should be earmarked for muscling out rival enterprises, which means throwing more workers out of production, if the former wants to avert extinction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is most curious, then, that the PO, which has taken reliance on the state for granted, in the sphere of relief for the unemployed at least, which has become their key demand, should now reject out of hand the demand of nationalization of all occupied factories under workers' control. And the whole thing grows into a flagrant paradox when we consider that they are demanding the nationalization of the banks and the privatized utilities. The semi-autonomist stance adopted by the PO, therefore, transforms the workers into investors, even illegal investors if they are out of the cooperative bankroll. But if all this can be staved off by means of imposing conditions on the state (purchase, supplies, credit, etc) then it all boils down to the balance of forces on the field on one hand, and the political orientation being pursued, on the other, which leaves out the 'inexorable bourgeois &#233;tatisme' that Altamira has just found out in the last six months, after his 35 year-long political career.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The party, the vanguard and the masses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After decades in which Peronism reigned supreme among the ranks of the working class, preventing it from building its own revolutionary party, the December uprisings, combined with the decline and discredit of the traditional parties have ushered in an entirely new historical outlook. However, this does not mean that labor has broken away with its party already, but Peronism is a far cry from what it used to be and its influence has decreased sharply. The emergence of a new vanguard made up of thousands of activists objectively poses the need to build a revolutionary vanguard party rallying the thousands of militants rooted in those key levers of the economy, in the unemployed workers' movement, in the universities and the schools. This party should also get ready, on a programmatic, strategic and organizational level, to recruit hundreds of thousands and influence millions in the coming revolutionary upheavals. The fate of the revolutionary developments in Argentina will by and large be hinged upon our ability to build such tool.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The autonomist movement eschews party building by its own nature. Those populist and nationalistic- minded currents, the CP among them, seek to tie workers up to the chariot of class conciliation, i.e., democratic or liberation fronts with different strands of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, they reject class independence, revolutionary party building and a transitional program out of principle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our party has issued a call to all those currents who claim allegiance to socialist and working class principles -the MAS, the PO and the MST (so far as it breaks its strategic bloc with local Stalinism)- and a wide layer of activists to openly discuss our coincidences and the existing differences in the eyes of the vanguard to try and build such a party. In our statement, we claim that 'The time has come for us to finish off the 'quangos' and reassess the old differences in the light of the new developments. The time has come for us to show who wants to really build a party, and who wants to build just a sect. Gramsci stated that within a sect (and also the maffia), association becomes an end in itself, and familiar or particular interest is postulated as a universal principle. The party, on the contrary, as a vanguard or else 'collective intellectual' should be regarded just as a means, an indispensable tool, but one whose interest should tend to speak for a socialist interest at large, a socialist revolution to finish off the exploitation of men (which is the ultimate reason for the existence of the current political parties). We shall cast aside any sectarian 'particular interest' and do our best so that all those parties claiming allegiance to Marxism and revolution should be able to discuss with all revolutionary workers and students on a program and the methods to build a party of socialist and workers' revolution in Argentina. That is our current responsibility, and history will condemn us if we fail in this undertaking.'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The MAS has posed, for the immediate period ahead, the building of a 'political/social movement of workers', whereas building a revolutionary party in which various strands should get together is a long-term goal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In a document submitted to their VIII Congress, they say that 'In the first place, we shall propose the creation of a social/political movement of the left to raise a minimum revolutionary program. This program could be drawn upon the people's assemblies, the picketers' programs or else those of the class-minded developments.'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We do not agree with the program being raised here, rather than the tempo, because the program is said to draw upon the experiences of the last few months. However, a program drawing upon token experiences will only fail to generalize the historical experiences of the working class in its revolutionary struggle. Furthermore, it will not be able to postulate and enduring solution to the crisis afflicting our country today. We would thus be condemned, at best, to agree upon minimum program that would be outdone at the first onslaught by the masses. The worst scenario is to make a hotchpotch of demands and views that might eventually distort the revolutionary program or else render it useless.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The PO, in turn, remains in a self-proclamatory attitude, regarding their own political organization as the ready-made party of the working class. However, none of these left-wing political organizations rallies more than one thousand militants each. No sensible party can claim, then, to be the political leadership of those millions that still have not broken away with Peronism. Still more, the influence of the left in the unions is negligible. To regard oneself a mass political leadership one needs to have earned the recognition of the working class and have implantation and roots at least in key sectors of it -but all these are still positions to conquest.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sectarian self-proclamation always ends up backfiring against those advocating it, because it nurtures an illusion and a mirage that sooner or later is smashed by reality. Besides, it prevents parties from correctly grasping the tasks of the moment. The demand of political power, as we said, will remain a hollow shell unless we conquer the masses. This is the key task of today. And this requires a revolutionary policy within the mass organizations, the unions first and foremost, to challenge the sway of the union bureaucracy there. It is all too evident that a revolutionary vanguard party emerging from an eventual coming together of all those of us claiming allegiance to revolutionary socialism, one gathering thousands or tens of thousands of militants will no doubt boost its influence among the working class. For that, we need to win the new emerging layer of social militancy over to a program of socialist revolution. And this task would also be immensely benefited from the creation of a common party.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A party with those characteristics should be able to boldly go for a unified and democratic congress of assemblies, the picketers and the occupied factories. It should also be able to boldly set up coordinating bodies on a regional and provincial level, rallying all those quarters on struggle, which would thus become a platform to address millions in wait for a solution to hunger and unemployment, gaining influence on the unionized workers in the process.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The question of building a revolutionary party, then, rallying the vanguard and addressing to millions of workers and the people at large are key tasks still to be tackled -burning tasks of the period ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>9 Lucha de clases en Latinoam&#233;rica</dc:subject>

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		<title>La izquierda y la guerra en los Balcanes</title>
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		<dc:creator>Jorge Sanmartino</dc:creator>


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		<dc:subject>Pol&#237;tica Internacional</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>4 Teor&#237;a marxista</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
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		<title>Contribuci&#243;n a 150 a&#241;os del Manifiesto Comunista</title>
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		<dc:subject>5 Debates de estrategia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>6 Reconstrucci&#243;n de la IV Internacional</dc:subject>

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&lt;a href="https://www.estrategiainternacional.org/6-Reconstruccion-de-la-IV-Internacional" rel="tag"&gt;6 Reconstrucci&#243;n de la IV Internacional&lt;/a&gt;

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